Difference Between Greek and Roman Architecture of Antiquity

Contrast Between Greek and Roman Architecture of Antiquity Presentation The motivation behind this paper is to distinguish the contrasts between the Greek and Roman engineering of Antiquity. Albeit Greek and Roman engineering have different likenesses, it is critical to recognize the distinctions and the manners in which the Romans decided to adjust their persuasions. The five design orders were profoundly preferred in both Greek and Roman engineering. Greek Architecture Greek engineering is an extremely compelling and chronicled development which is utilized to move numerous modelers today. This development depended on the post and lintel framework which is essentially a framework comprised of segments. Despite the fact that the idea of segments may appear to be basic, the Greeks cut the segments into something lovely †including carvings of legendary animals. They made probably the most exact and unmistakable plans throughout the entire existence of engineering. The Greeks enthusiasm for effortlessness and extent in their structures proceeded to impact Roman draftsmen. There are five primary design arranges in traditional engineering which are Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, Tuscan and Composite †which were totally named by the Romans. Greek draftsmen made the initial three and partook in impacting the last two â€Å"which were composites instead of real innovations† (Ancient History Encyclopedia, 2009-2014). The distinctions in these styles were best perceived by the dã ©cor that existed at the highest point of every section. (Doric, Ionic and Corinthian) The Doric Order  â The Doric Order was the first of the structural requests to be presented, the highest point of the section is plain and undecorated while the segment itself is fluted with equal scores. They stood legitimately on the sanctuary without a base. Conspicuous highlights of both Greek and Roman adaptations of the Doric request are the exchanging â€Å"triglyphs† and â€Å"metopes† (Essley, J). Three vertical depressions make up the triglyphs and copy the wooden end-shafts, which are upheld by the architraveâ that takes up the lower half of the entablature (superstructure of moldings and groups which lie on a level plane above segments). Under each triglyph are peglikedrops that keep up the structure. A triglyph is put in the middle over each segment with another between segments. â€Å"The Greeks felt that the corner triglyph should shape the edge of the entablature to make a stand out from the supporting section. The spaces between the triglyphs are themetopes† (Princeton, Online). (Sanctuary of Hephaestus in (Sharon Mollerus) Athens, Greece, 449-415 BC) The Ionic Order The Ionic Order was the second to be concocted and can be perceived by its looked over structure at the highest point of every segment †the sections are additionally fluted and sit on a base. This request is increasingly slim that the Doric however fundamentally the same as. (Segment of the Erechtheion, Acropolis of Athens, 421-406 BC) (Guillaume Piolle) The Corinthian Order The Corinthian Order was the most recent request to be delivered, the late old style time frame was the place the soonest model was found. It is best perceived for its elaborate capital †aside from this factor, it is equivalent to the past ionic request. The Corinthian Order was supported by the Roman engineers in a great deal of their work. (The Pantheon in Rome, 126 AD) (Rosengarten. A, 1898) Roman Architecture The Greek convention in design was proceeded by the Romans, their advantage is obvious in a large number of their structures †particularly their utilization of the Corinthian Order. The Romans were known as â€Å"great innovators† as a result of the manner in which they embraced new strategies and new materials and the manner in which they adjusted on existing procedures. The Romans presented the utilization of vaults and curves to make another compositional style. They kept on utilizing the Doric, Ionic and Corinthian requests †anyway adjusting the capital of the Corinthian to make it increasingly beautifying. The Tuscanâ columnâ is fundamentally the same as the Doric section however with a littler structure at the top. The Tuscan segment was utilized most â€Å"in local design, for example, peristyles and verandahs† (Ancient History Encyclopedia, 2009 †2014).There turned into a phase where sections were not, at this point utilized for structure, yet were simply enriching. The contrasts among Greek and Roman Architecture Greek and Roman engineering is generally comparative, they were propelled by the Greeks existing work and adjusted their own styles around it. â€Å"As noted on the Palomar Educational Style Guide, the Greeks favored a post and lintel development technique, while the Romans supported a genuine curve construction†. (Faller, M) In spite of the fact that the Romans were propelled by the Greeks which brought about numerous likenesses, there are as yet numerous distinctions, for example, the materials they decided to utilize. The two of them normally developed their structures from marble or limestone †be that as it may, the Romans culminated the utilization of cement in structures which permitted them to make all the more free-streaming structures. Corresponding to the styles of segments they utilized, they were totally preferred by both the Greeks and the Romans and showed up in a large portion of their structures. Despite the fact that, the Greeks preferred the utilization of the Doric and Ionic requests, though the Romans favored the more elaborate Corinthian request. The reason for the Greeks and Romans design was additionally unique. The majority of the current Greek engineering was planned as craftsmanship to respect their divine beings which brought about a less lavish inside. Because of the Romans progresses in material innovation, a more noteworthy assortment of Roman structures despite everything exist today. Roman engineering was delightful inside and remotely, reflecting â€Å"the quest for joy, a fundamental piece of Roman culture† (Faller, M) According to a greater amount of the development subtleties, the Greeks work was increasingly symmetrical which was known as â€Å"post and lintel construction†. The Romans assumed incredible acknowledgment for getting a handle on the curve and the vault, which are a conspicuous element in antiquated Roman design, yet not in Greek engineering. The Parthenon and the Pantheon The Parthenon and the Pantheon are both old sanctuaries †the Parthenon was worked in Greece for their god Athena and the Pantheon was built in Rome to praise the Roman divine beings. The Parthenon was first to be developed in 126 AD and the Pantheon was built around six centuries later around 447 †438 BC. (The Parthenon) (The Pantheon) Both these sanctuaries have numerous similitudes and contrasts because of the Romans adjusting the Greeks forms. Most of the outside plan of the Pantheon is adjusted from customary, antiquated Greek design, for example, that of the Parthenon. It is said that both of these sanctuaries worked as houses of worship during the medieval times and have both confronted modifying. The strict connections of the Pantheon kept it from being harmed by plunders, however tragically numerous pieces of the Parthenon were taken during the 1700s. Obviously, the Parthenon was a Doric sanctuary which was upheld by Ionic sections. The floor was built completely of marble, where the base was developed from limestone †run of the mill materials utilized by the Greeks. â€Å"The east pediment portrays the introduction of Athena, while the west pediment shows the challenge between Athena and Poseidon to become the city’s benefactor god† (Diffen, Online). This makes a difference to the Pantheon, which was a solid vault upheld by the lavish Corinthian sections. They were keen on catching more magnificence with little, unmistakable subtleties. Once more, commonplace materials, for example, marble and cement were utilized to develop this sanctuary. End Engineering history is the thing that shaped the design of today, both Greek and Roman engineering has played a tremendous impact in various current structures. Most of their work is fundamentally the same as however they despite everything kept on working from multiple points of view so as to offer their expression in engineering. Without the Romans †who aced the utilization of cement †may have brought about an alternate utilization of materials wherein we use today. Both the Greeks and Romans have made the premise of engineering to shape the procedure we have today. Word tally: 1277 List of sources Antiquated HISTORY ENCYCLOPEDIA. (2009 †2014) Greek Architecture. [Online] Available from: http://www.ancient.eu/Greek_Architecture/. [Accessed twelfth December 2014]. Doric, Ionic and Corinthian. Photo, saw twelfth December 2014, http://i39.tinypic.com/30agqbs.png> PRINCETON. Doric Order. [Online] Available from: https://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Doric_order.html. [Accessed twelfth December 2014]. Essley, J. Pediment and tympanum, Metopes and Triglyths. Terms from Greek sanctuaries. [Online] Available from: http://www.house-plan coffee.com/metopes.html. [Accessed twelfth December 2014]. Sanctuary of Hephaestus in Athens, Greece, 449-415 BC. Photo, saw thirteenth December 2014, http://arthistoryblogger.blogspot.co.uk/2011/09/doric-ionic-and-corinthian.html> Sharon Mollerus/open space, through Wikimedia Commons. Photo, saw thirteenth December 2014, http://arthistoryblogger.blogspot.co.uk/2011/09/doric-ionic-and-corinthian.html> Guillaume Piolle/open space, through Wikimedia Commons. Photo, saw thirteenth December 2014, http://arthistoryblogger.blogspot.co.uk/2011/09/doric-ionic-and-corinthian.html> Section of the Erechtheion, Acropolis of Athens, 421-406 BC. Photo, saw thirteenth December 2014, http://arthistoryblogger.blogspot.co.uk/2011/09/doric-ionic-and-corinthian.html&agt; The Pantheon in Rome, 126 AD. Photo, saw thirteenth December, http://arthistoryblogger.blogspot.co.uk/2011/09/doric-ionic-and-corinthian.html> Rosengarten. A,A Handbook of Architectural Styles,1898. Photo, saw thirteenth December 2014, http://arthistoryblogger.blogspot.co.uk/2011/09/doric-ionic-and-corinthian.htm

Determining Avogadro’s Constant and Faraday’s Constant

Deciding Avogadro’s Constant and Faraday’s Constant Rundown of Apparatus Name of Apparatus Amount Vulnerability Electronic Stopwatch 1  ±0.2s Ammeter 1  ±0.01A Wires with crocodile cuts 1 D.C power source 1  ±0.01V 300cm3 Beaker 3 Copper strips 2 Sand paper 1 Graphite bar 2 pH test/information lumberjack 1  ±0.2 Electronic gauging balance 1  ±0.001 Information COLLECTION: The electrolytic cell utilized in this examination is shown in Fig 1: Fig 1 Diagram of electrolytic cell utilized in examination In this examination, a current is gone through the arrangement with copper as the cathode and graphite as the anode. After a set measure of time, the circuit is separated and the mass of the cathode is estimated. Following which, figurings are made in order to decide the Avogadro’s and Faraday’s steady. Subjective Observations At the point when the D.C power source was turned on, bubbles were framed at the Graphite anode. As the response advances, fine substance gets suspended in the arrangement and a dark strong stores can be found at the base of the measuring glass and there is a noticeable decay of the graphite cathode. As the response progress, a pink layer of copper shapes on the copper strip. The copper strip is initially earthy colored in shading while the graphite cathode is dark in shading. Inevitably, as the graphite terminal breaks down, the graphite atoms will turn the copper (II) sulfate arrangement from blue to dark in shading. In any case, when the copper sulfate arrangement is sifted, it is noticed that there is an abatement in the force of the blue shading in the filtrate after the electrolysis. The underlying pH of the arrangement is 2.75, after the electrolysis is completed, the pH diminishes to 2.10. Information Collection Steady factors Time Interval/s(â ±0.2) 300 Voltage/V 4V Current/A(â ±0.01) 0.25 Cathode Preliminary 1 Introductory mass/g ( ± 0.001 g) 1.315 Last mass/g ( ± 0.001 g) 1.279 Change in mass/g ( ± 0.002 g) 0.036 Synthetic condition for response at the anode: 2H2O (l) à ¯Ã†' O2 (g) + 4H+ + 4e (aq) Synthetic condition for response at the cathode: Cu2+ (aq) + 2e à ¯Ã¦'â Cu (s) Counts for cathode Counts Mistake Propagation Change in mass(Cu) = 0.036g Mols of (Cu) = =5.7 x 10-4 mol Number of mol of electrons- Utilizing mol proportion Cu2+ (aq) + 2e à ¯Ã¦'â Cu (s) Number of mol of electrons =11.4 x 10-4 Charge coursing through circuit Number of electron charges in circut= Where is the basic charge, the charge of one electron Number of electron charges in circuit = Number of mol of electrons Where L is the Avagandro’s consistent Comparing the quantity of mols of electrons got structure the copper mass information and the quantity of mol of electrons from the current- Faraday’s consistent = = 67000 C %⠱î Mol of Cu = %⠱î Mol of Cu = = 5.6 % % Uncertainty of number of mol of electrons = % vulnerability of Mass(Cu) =5.6% % vulnerability of number of mol of electrons =5.6% %⠱î charge streaming in circuit = Rate blunder Rate blunder for Faraday’s Constant = = = 30% Rate vulnerability of faraday’s consistent =5.9% Rate deliberate blunder in Faradays’ steady =%error-%random mistake = 24.1% Rate blunder for Avogadro’s Constant = = 30% Rate vulnerability of Avogadro’s Constant =5.9% Rate deliberate blunder in Avogadro’s Constant =%error-%random mistake = 24.1% End Taking everything into account, the determined estimation of Faraday’s steady is mol-1 and Avogadro’s consistent is. As observed over, the rate mistake for both Faraday’s steady and Avogadro’s consistent are both 30% and subsequent to taking away the blunder because of instrumental vulnerability, the % precise blunder acquired is 24.1%. This shows the exploratory qualities determined vary extraordinarily from the writing esteems, demonstrating that there has been a lot of orderly blunder, which has made the determined worth be entirely different from the writing esteem. As rate mistake of both Faraday’s consistent and Avogadro’s steady are a lot bigger than their particular rate vulnerabilities, this shows the wellsprings of deliberate blunder are noteworthy and can't be disregarded Assessment Kind of mistake Confinement Improvement Efficient Oxidation of copper happens normally when the copper strip is presented to oxygen and when it is warmed in the broiler. In any event, when sand paper is utilized to scratch off the layer of copper oxide on the outside of the, it is hard to totally freed of all the copper oxide. The arrangement of copper oxide will influence the response when electrolysis happens and will influence the adjustment in mass of the copper cathode, which is the needy variable in this test. In any event, when the copper strip is submerged in the copper (II) sulfate arrangement, after a timeframe, it will in the end begin to frame a layer of copper (II) oxide which won't be associated with the electrolysis response. This will lessen the measure of copper which will experience response, making it decrease the inevitable determined Faraday’s and Avogadro’s consistent. It is difficult to keep the oxidation of copper from occurring notwithstanding, this methodical mistake can be limited. Other than guaranteeing that the layer of copper oxide is scratched off by scouring the copper strip too much with sandpaper. The ideal opportunity for which the copper remains in the stove can be limited or hair dryer can be utilized rather to pass the water over. Deliberate At the point when the graphite terminal beginnings to deteriorates as the response advances, sections of graphite will be scattered all through the whole arrangement. As copper (II) particles move towards the copper strip to plate it, a portion of the graphite sections may wind up joined to the copper strip too and can't tumble off as a layer of copper plates over the graphite pieces. This can be seen in the analysis when the copper strip is evacuated toward the finish of the examination; dark parts of graphite are seen on the copper strip. The graphite sections would effortlessly arrive at the copper strip mostly in light of the fact that they were very close to one another. Consequently, the graphite sections could without much of a stretch move towards the copper strips and connect to them. So as to limit this from occurring, the trial ought to lead in a 500cm3 measuring glass, with the copper strip and the graphite anode held further away from one another. Likewise, the graphite terminal ought to be situated beneath the copper strip so that as the graphite cathode breaks down, the graphite pieces will essentially sink towards the base of the measuring utencil, consequently it will be more uncertain for the graphite parts to coincidentally cover onto the copper anode Deliberate Changes in the current. At whatever point the 2 cathodes were moved, the current of the circuit changes. Consequently, at whatever point the copper anode was moved so as to be gauged, the current would change, bringing about a conflicting current all through the test. In the event that the present goes amiss from the expressed 0.25, the subsequent Faraday’s steady and Avogadro’s consistent will be influenced too. An expansion in current will bring about an increment in the Faraday’s steady and Avogadro’s consistent determined while an abatement in current will bring about a decline in the Faraday’s consistent and Avogadro’s consistent determined. So as to forestall vacillations in the present because of the moving anodes, a counter stand can be utilized to hold the cathodes set up and keep them from moving. This is substantially more dependable than simply utilizing hands to hold the terminal, bringing about a decrease in the variance of the current A rheostat can be utilized and remembered for the circuit so as to modify the measure of opposition of the circuit with the goal that the ideal current can be accomplished. As current is contrarily proportionate to obstruction as indicated by Ohm’s law, the opposition of the circuit can be balanced so as to guarantee a steady present of 0.3 all through the investigation. Methodical Additionally, another wellspring of deliberate blunder in this examination would originate from the way that, the perusing on the ammeter doesn't show the real electric flow coursing through the anodes and the electrolyte as this worth may diminish because of intensity misfortunes in the wires. That is the electrical vitality would be changed over to warm. Anyway the obstruction of the wires in the circuit was thought to be immaterial in this investigation for effortlessness. This would prompt precise blunder as we would reliably overestimate the greatness of the present coursing through the electrolyte. This blunder can be stayed away from if the estimations of the obstruction of the wires just as the inner opposition of the force source were known and remembered for the computations made. Methodical The copper cathode may experience a procedure called passivation[1] where the metal structures a defensive layer on its surface to shield it from external factors, for example, water or air to forestall consumption. Such a defensive layer will bring about a high opposition which will prompt a voltage delay. This procedure may likewise happen on the graphite terminal. During the response, within the sight of passivation, the underlying pace of the expansion in mass of the copper anode will be eased back down; at last influencing the all out increase in mass by the copper cathode, influencing the Faraday’s steady and Avogadro’s consistent determined. This procedure of passivation can be evacuated by permitting the response to advance for 5 minutes to maintain a strategic distance from a voltage delay. 5 minutes was picked in light of the fact that too short a period will be deficient to evacuate th

Find Your Voice with The Insecure Writers Support Group

Find Your Voice with The Insecure Writers Support Group Does a blank page leave you feeling intimidated, queasy or ready to pull your hair out? If you said yes then chances are good that you are a writer. Now, provided that the image of a blank page didnt send you crawling back to the trenches ready to wave your white flag of surrender, give us a chance to make amends for the trauma we just put you through by directing your attention to an online media business that understands your plight, understands your stress levels, understands that blank-page phobia and ultimately understands how to get past all that to make you a more productive writer. Dont believe us? Then check out the Insecure Writers Support Group for yourself.From the moment you enter the support groups homepage youll be welcomed by the image of a bright hopeful beacon of light. Perhaps its calling you in the right direction or perhaps its just calling you to East Egg (for all your Hemingway-philes out there; even though were pretty sure its the former); either way, the imag e is a comfort for all those tired, weary writers looking for respite. Well, youve found it, so hang your hat and pour yourself a glass of Writers Tears whiskey if you need to and then let this community of writers welcome you with open arms. Think of it as group therapy meets motivational coaching.I just poured my first glass…tell me moreThe Insecure Writers Support Group (IWSG) is the brainchild of sci-fi writer Alex Cavanaugh, who discovered that there was a sea of doubting writers turning to the Internet to share their concerns, hang-ups and tales of book-writing woe; fortunately, for a lot of these writers, their self-doubts were met with positivity, reassurance and helpful advice from other writers (a benefit that wasnt lost on Alex). From this discovery, IWSG was born. Since its inception in 2011, IWSG has more than 3,000 Facebook members, 600+ newsletter subscribers and about 250 active bloggers.Whats great is that IWSG can benefit all writers, no matter where they might b e in their career. You could be a bestselling writer or you could just have discovered that youre a natural-born writer (lucky you!) and youll find writers on the site that can help you tackle your unique challenges. So, put away that bottle of Writers Tears and lets delve into the many facets of being a member of IWSG.Not just writer-friendly but also user-friendlyWere all about getting information quickly nowadays and we want a site thats able to provide us what we need when we need it. Okay, that might sound a bit greedy but lets be honest; no one has time to fall down the proverbial rabbit hole and spend precious time searching for the necessary information when that time could be better spent writing. Lets just say that IWSG understands this.At the top of the support groups homepage, simple, straightforward headers direct you to the topic that is most helpful to you based on your current stage in the writing process. Are you interested in self-publishing? Theres a tab for that. Ready to find an agent to shop your new book? Theres a tab for that. Need some writing tips to help you jump that writers block hurdle? Okay, you get the point (and, in case you didnt, there is also a tab for that). Theres a reason IWSG has received best writing websites awards from both Writers Digest and The Write Life. After all, this online support system brings together a common issue that a lot of writers face and provides a simple, easy-to-use platform to help you conquer those issues.A wellspring of writing resourcesOkay, lets get to the good stuff: writing resources. After all, this is why you want to join this support group, right? All you have to do is click the tab Writing Tips and youll be directed to an exhausting list of resources and advice on a variety of subjects:1st 5 Pages Writing Workshop (for young adult writers)Advanced Fiction WritingThe Adventurous WriterAlmost a WriterThe Book DesignerCreativity Portal (for everything from greeting cards to screenplays)Dai ly Writing TipsFree Writing EventsFunds for WritersGrammar SlammerGoogle TrendsGrammarphobia (because grammar shouldnt be scary)Helping Writers Become AuthorsHorror Writers AssociationHow to Write a Book NowInternet ResourcesKidLit (for authors writing young adult works)Make a Living WritingMen with Pens (its the new men in tights but wordier)Moody WritingThe Novel FactoryOne Stop for WritersRomance UniversityScreenwritingWriting and IllustratingWriting and WellnessYA HighwayAnd this list is just scratching the surface of some of the writing resources youll find on their site, carefully curated by the administrative team at IWSG. All you have to do is click the links that apply to you (sounds pretty easy, right? Hint: it is).Among these resources, youll also find links to advice from specific writers. More than likely youll find a writer on this list that best aligns with your style or could help you navigate those choppy writing waters. So, instead of spending your time trying to h unt down the online writing resources you need to get started, IWSG did it for you.Need a sounding board for your writing stressors? Fuggedaboutit. The first Wednesday of every Monday its time to sound the alarm and post your innermost fears and concerns on your own blog and watch as the proverbial cheering squad appears to give you the pep talk you need to own that blank page (just dont forget to leave a little love for the other doubtful writers out there before you show that blank page whos boss).To self-publish or not to self-publish?At some point in a writers life, that will most certainly be the question. Perhaps your novel, short story or poetry is already ready to grace the world with its presence, but you are currently standing at a publishing fork in the road. If so, IWSG offers a section for Self-Publishing and also one for Publishers, Agents, Queries to help you choose the path that best suits your needs. Self-publishers will find extensive information on everything from book formatting to finding an editor or book printer.If you choose to turn to a publisher or agent to help you peddle your literary wares, IWSG offers an extensive list of both large and small publishers, as well as publishers that cater to your specific demographic or style such as romance novels or childrens stories. Youll even find samples of professional query letters to submit to publishers and agents to help get those creative juices flowing once more so that you can write a successful query for your manuscript.Know how to market yourselfYouve spent all of your time and energy into creating your potential bestseller but how the heck is anyone going to know to read it? All you have to do is go on Amazon or Goodreads and its easy to get lost amongst the 600,000 to 1 million new books published each year just in the US alone. How do you go from zero to one in a million? Simple: good marketing. Okay, maybe good marketing isnt that simple, but dont worry; IWSG has your back with r esources such as:Author Marketing ExpertsBiblioCrunch (for all those self-publishers out there)Book CoachingBook Marketing Book PromotionBoost Blog TrafficDigital Book WorldKiller Book MarketingPublishers WeeklySavvy Writers e-Books OnlineSelf-Publishing ReviewSocial Media ExaminerThe Book DesignerThe Non-Fiction ZoneThe Publicity HoundWhere Writers WinWrite to Sell Your BookWriters BoonAgain, IWSG is a one-stop online writing shop from which to snag some new and helpful industry tips for how to market everything from your personal blog to your first novel. Youll even find a link to online courses for social media and email marketing strategies (lets boost that blog traffic, yo!). Enjoy a plethora of expert tips and guidance to help make navigating the world of marketing a whole lot simpler.Hone your skillsDo you feel like your writing could use a little spruce or inspiration? When you hop onto the IWSG website youll find a laundry list of conferences, conventions, workshops and r etreats from all over the world that will help you dust off your writing chops and even soup them up a bit (its the Pimp My Ride of writing skills), no matter if your passion is to become the next Madeleine LEngle of young adult books or to write crime fiction à la James Ellroy.Still hungry for more?If so, all you Hungry, Hungry Caterpillars can sink your teeth into The Insecure Writers Support Group Guide to Publishing and Beyond. As you can glean from the title, the guide can help you with everything from brainstorming your next book idea to publishing and marketing it appropriately. Better yet? These comforting anecdotes and practical tips come from actual members of IWSG whove also been in your shoes.Even writers need a little support (or perhaps even a little schadenfreude on a bad day) and it seems like IWSG is ready to dish it out in spades, along with a generous helping of professional advice and tips of the trade learned by others who once sat down and pulled their hair ou t over a blank page. Its time to turn on your writing prowess and turn off that Netflix. We know that story wont write itself, but with the Insecure Writers Support Group, it certainly got a whole lot easier.

Posse Comitatus Act and the US Military on the Border

On April 3, 2018, President Donald Trump proposed that U.S. military troops be deployed along the United States border with Mexico to help control illegal immigration and maintain civil order during construction of the secure, border-length fence recently funded by Congress. The proposal brought questions of its legality under the 1878 Posse Comitatus Act. However, in 2006 and again in 2010, Presidents George W. Bush and Barack Obama took similar actions. In May 2006, President George W. Bush, in Operation Jumpstart, ordered up to 6,000 National Guard troops to the states along the Mexican border to support the Border Patrol in controlling illegal immigration and related criminal activities on U.S. soil. On July 19, 2010, President Obama ordered an additional 1,200 Guard troops to the southern border. While this buildup was  substantial and controversial, it did not require Obama to suspend the Posse Comitatus Act. Under Article I of the Constitution, Congress may use the â€Å"militia† when necessary â€Å"to execute the Laws of the Union, suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions.† It also guarantees that the states will be protected against invasion or attempts to overthrow their â€Å"republican form of government,† and, when requested by the state legislature, against â€Å"domestic violence.† These constitutional provisions are reflected in the Insurrection Act of 1807 both before and after the passage of the Posse Comitatus Act. The Insurrection Act governs the presidents ability to deploy troops within the U.S. to put down lawlessness, insurrection, and rebellion.   As now expressed by law at 10 U.S. Code  §Ã¢â‚¬ ¯252, the Insurrection Act is interpreted to mean: â€Å"Whenever the President considers that unlawful obstructions, combinations, or assemblages, or rebellion against the authority of the United States, make it impracticable to enforce the laws of the United States in any State by the ordinary course of judicial proceedings, he may call into Federal service such of the militia of any State, and use such of the armed forces, as he considers necessary to enforce those laws or to suppress the rebellion.† The Posse Comitatus Act limits the Guard troops to acting only in support of the U.S. Border Patrol, and state and local law enforcement officers. Posse Comitatus and Martial Law The Posse Comitatus Act of 1878 prohibits the use of U.S. military forces to perform the tasks of civilian law enforcement such as arrest, apprehension, interrogation, and detention unless explicitly authorized by Congress. The Posse Comitatus Act, signed into law by President Rutherford B. Hayes on June 18, 1878, limits the power of the federal government in the use of federal military personnel to enforce U.S. laws and domestic policies within the borders of the United States. The law was passed as an amendment to an army appropriation bill following the end of Reconstruction and was subsequently amended in 1956 and 1981. As originally enacted in 1878, the Posse Comitatus Act applied only to the U.S. Army but was amended in 1956 to include the Air Force. In addition, the Department of the Navy has enacted regulations intended to apply the Posse Comitatus Act restrictions to the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps. The Posse Comitatus Act does not apply to the Army National Guard and the Air National Guard when acting in a law enforcement capacity within its own state when ordered by the governor of that state or in an adjacent state if invited by that state’s governor. Operating under the Department of Homeland Security, the U.S. Coast Guard is not covered by the Posse Comitatus Act. While the Coast Guard is an â€Å"armed service,† it also has both a maritime law enforcement mission and a federal regulatory agency mission. The Posse Comitatus Act was originally enacted due to the feeling of many members of Congress at the time that President Abraham Lincoln had exceeded his authority during the Civil War by suspending habeas corpus and creating military courts with jurisdiction over civilians. It should be noted that the Posse Comitatus Act greatly limits, but does not eliminate the power of the President of the United States to declare martial law, the assumption of all civilian police powers by the military. The president, under his or her constitutional powers to put down insurrection, rebellion, or invasion, may declare martial law when local law enforcement and court systems have ceased to function. For example, after the bombing of Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, President Roosevelt declared martial law in Hawaii at the request of the territorial governor. What the National Guard Can Do on the Border The Posse Comitatus Act and subsequent legislation specifically prohibit the use of the Army, Air Force, Navy and Marines to enforce the domestic laws of the United States except when expressly authorized by the Constitution or Congress. Since it enforces maritime safety, environmental and trade laws, the Coast Guard is exempt from the Posse Comitatus Act. While Posse Comitatus does not specifically apply to the actions of the National Guard, National Guard regulations stipulate that its troops, unless authorized by Congress, are not to take part in typical law enforcement actions including arrests, searches of suspects or the public, or evidence handling. What the National Guard Cannot Do on the Border Operating within the limitations of the Posse Comitatus Act, and as acknowledged by the Obama administration, National Guard troops deployed to the Mexican Border States should, as directed by the states governors, support the Border Patrol and state and local law enforcement agencies by providing surveillance, intelligence gathering, and reconnaissance support. In addition, the troops will assist with counternarcotics enforcement duties until additional Border Patrol agents are trained and in place. The Guard troops may also assist in the construction of roads, fences, surveillance towers and vehicle barriers necessary to prevent illegal border crossings. Under the Defense Authorization Act for FY2007 (H.R. 5122), the Secretary of Defense, upon a request from the Secretary of Homeland Security, can also assist in preventing terrorists, drug traffickers, and illegal aliens from entering the United States. Where Congress Stands On the Posse Comitatus Act On Oct. 25, 2005, the House of Representatives and Senate enacted a joint resolution (H. CON. RES. 274) clarifying Congress stance on the effect of the Posse Comitatus Act on the use of the military on U.S. soil. In part, the resolution states by its express terms, the Posse Comitatus Act is not a complete barrier to the use of the Armed Forces for a range of domestic purposes, including law enforcement functions, when the use of the Armed Forces is authorized by Act of Congress or the President determines that the use of the Armed Forces is required to fulfill the Presidents obligations under the Constitution to respond promptly in time of war, insurrection, or other serious emergency.

An Explanation Of Online Credit Reports Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1213 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? In the past, credit reports were perhaps more of a problem for customers. But today, with the Internet, online credit reports are easy to obtain and without spending too much of time. The websites that help with the process of obtaining online credit reports should be researched before being chosen. When selecting for an authentic website for credit reports, it is important for customers to opt for reliable websites that provide accurate information. Sometimes payments made or debts that have been cancelled may not be reflected in the credit report and this may negatively affect loans and other financial deals for which the person may have applied. This is also one major reason why a person should have an updated copy of his credit report available. They should make sure that their credit reports reflect their true credit position. It is also important for them to remember that the contents of the credit reports from different agencies may differ. It is essenti al for them to apply to websites that offer the information they need. Credit reports help in noticing any inaccuracies and taking the necessary steps to correct them as early as possible. Credit reports are excellent indicators of whether customer has been a victim of an identity theft. It is advisable to opt for the websites that offer security of personal information provided. If an unauthorized person accesses the information, he could get loans or credit cards with the help of the persons personal details provided. Although identity theft situations are remediable, they take a lot of time and hard work, apart from the additional payments needed for credit repair services. Getting a credit report is essential to help ensure the financial well being of the customers. It can also help fix inaccurate credit data as soon as possible. FAST ONLINE CREDIT REPORTS Some people view credit reports as something they can put off for later. Credit reports were an annoying inconvenie nce in the past, but with the Internet technology today, online credit reports have become a fast and easy affair. A fast online credit report helps prevent financial problems from getting worse. Fast online credit reports give individuals an overview of their financial standing and it helps in rebuilding a poor credit history. Previously, people had to pay to get a copy of their credit report. Today, in most places, people can get a free copy of their credit report, within minutes. All these customers have to log on to the Annual Credit Report, a website made possible with the cooperation of the top three U.S. credit bureaus: Experian, TransUnion, and Equifax and get their credit reports. They can also request for individual credit reports from these three agencies. It is important to remember that the content of the credit reports from these agencies may differ. All the information that is obtained form the online credit reports is very important to determine a persons finan cial position. Many people sometimes do not realize that there are institutions that use the credit reports of customers for reasons that may affect the customers finances. When applying for a mortgage or for a re-mortgage of property, customers need to know that their credit report is one of the things that their creditor will need to consider. This information is also significant when it comes to insurance and loans. At these times, all that counts is creditworthiness. Financial institutions consider credit-worthy customers only. A credit report is one of the main documents that help the financial institutions to decide on providing a loan. Customers should make the effort to ensure that their credit reports are in order. MULTIPLE ONLINE CREDIT REPORTS Today, crimes such as fraud and identity theft have become common. It is very important for people to view their credit reports regularly. This will enable them to take the necessary steps as early as possible to rectify the s ituation and minimize the consequences. To obtain an online credit report is much easier nowadays because of the large number of websites that are offering this service. Customers have the option of obtaining a free copy, every twelve months. These websites provide a credit score. A credit score is a grading system that adds or subtracts points based on selected data in the credit report. Negative factors like late payments and bankruptcies take points away whereas a strong credit history and the careful use of available credit, adds points. There are several reasons why credit scores may vary. Not all financial institutions report to all the three credit bureaus, Experian, TransUnion, and Equifax. A late payment reported by a credit card agency to only one bureau would lower his score on that credit report. Until recently, each credit bureau used its own variant of the standard scoring model and any deviation would end in a different score. The three national bureaus now use the same scoring model. In 2002, researchers conducted a study to examine the reasons for different scores at the three national credit bureaus. Besides different reporting practices by the lending institutions, the study also found that customers sometimes have multiple or mixed credit reports. This was due to the variations in the names used on credit applications and credit files that include information about more than one customer. If any of the bureaus return a report without scoring it or if it is not possible for the bureau to locate a report for the applicant, the information is recorded. ONLINE CREDIT REPORT SITES Recent changes, in the legal system, have helped customers to avail of a free online personal credit report from websites, especially if they have been recently turned down for credit. Checking credit history ensures that the information is accurate. The credit standing of an individual affects the interest rates offered, insurance premiums and even his employment chances. Credit reports are used by a number of companies to make decisions about their customers. Financial institutions classify loan applications based on the credit history. Loans taken for cars, insurance rates and plans to mortgage or re-mortgage may be affected by the credit reports. Potential employers can also evaluate applications of employees, on their credit report. In addition to payment history, credit reports include records of arrest, legal punishments, insurance policies over a certain amount and proof of residence. These details stay on the report permanently, unlike the payment history that drops off after a certain period. There are a number of ways to avail of a credit report. By applying online the reports can be got immediately, free of cost. To receive credit reports online, the person can go directly to the sites of Equifax, Experian, and TransUnion, the three well- known credit-report agencies. He can also request for the credit report t hrough a third party site. These sites offer additional services, like providing the credit rating score. Once the person has received his credit report from the site, it is advisable to check for errors. Credit reports are the most important tools that help in discovering any discrepancies in the credit situation of a person as early as possible and in preventing credit disasters, in the long term. Hence it is vital to check credit reports regularly and make sure that the information they have on record is correct and accurate. Don’t waste time! 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Civil War Reconstruction Free Essays

America between 1865 and 1876 was very broken and disunited due to the obvious Civil War. There was much effort put in my various powers to put together America again and attain the unity preferably desired by the central governing body. Both the Congress and the Citizenry participated to remedy the discretely disunited states. We will write a custom essay sample on Civil War Reconstruction or any similar topic only for you Order Now President Johnson, who took office right after Lincoln against the radical republicans to piece together America, is a perfect example of Congressional effort put into the problem. As for the citizenry putting in effort, the Freedmen’s Bureau and sharecropping both showed a different paradigm of the problem on a level in which the average citizens could assist in unifying America again. Through examples we will soon see exactly how the two entities combined forces of the government and the people to fight for a common goal. After the conclusion of the Civil War with the defeat of the Confederate states, an organization by the name of Freedman’s Bureau was composed to give abandoned or confiscated land to freed African Americans to live on. This land was given to them in the form of grants that were approximately 40 acres, give or take, to live on for three years. After these 3 years, they would be able to purchase the land at a very low price. This organization helped put America together again because it shows the co-op method in which the Congress set up an establishment to give freedom to the black and then the people were readily agreeing to it, not rebelling. This also changed the Citizenry’s view of slaves in a certain way. As the Dread Scott case mentioned that slaved were not people they were property, well, now they were able to purchase land. This meant that since property can not own property and only another person can own property, that people must soon see slaves as reasonably people and not property. Although not revolutionary since segregation was very common amongst both North and South states, there was still a new perspective offered to people to accept slaves as people themselves. This would soon help bring the South and North closer as they would begin to begin in soon the same ideology towards people of different colors and cultures. Another factor important in tying together America was sharecropping, which however was not as good. Sharecropping meant that a squad or family could work independently for a fixed share of crop, around ?. The positive side to this was the fact that there was no expenditure in advance of harvest. The tenant had to share the risks of crop failure or a fall in cotton prices. Blacks believed this to be helpful to them, and since it was the Citizenry who decided upon doing this, we can see that the not only the government, but all the way down to the individual person we can see that citizens would put forth effort to cooperate with the new system of social life considering slavery was no longer an option. Although in the 1870s it became a servitude type instance in which croppers lived on credit until the cotton was sold. This was en route back to a modified adaptation of slavery in this time period. However until then, it was a vital key to show the vast effort put into the bringing together of America. The president also played a vital role in the bringing together of America. President Johnson wanted to reprieve the formerly Confederate states. He believed in organizing a new government and electing new representatives for states. This was contrary to the bringing together of America. Thus his opponent, the Radical Republicans came into action. Their plan was to fully represent the southern states’ government and also used military force to do so. They also passed the Civil Rights Acts to give slaves full rights. They wanted to grant suffrage to freedmen. This political party of republicans showed that the president was overpowered and thus could not disagree otherwise as the republicans fully gained the support of the people in their cause. Because of their success in this, they were able to put together America by the use of military force, which almost always does the job as we can see the Civil War settling any social issues about slavery. The fact that people began to not only include slaves as people, but to give them rights as well was a leap for American men, especially in the South. This was all part of the effort for unity. So as we can see from the efforts of the Radical Republicans and the Freedmen’s Bureau, there is much cooperation between the Citizenry and the Congress in the unity of America pose-Civil War. How to cite Civil War Reconstruction, Essay examples

Academic Strategies free essay sample

Liberal Arts Education is the process of becoming a free person liberated from intellectual vices such as apathy, lack of curiosity, and ignorance. Using the metaphors and symbols of the cave, why does the university require students to engage in the process of Liberal Arts Education? No Both. Could have connected it better to the story. Even the best students often encounter challenges with their study skills throughout their college career. In fact, it is not uncommon for students who earned As in high school to seek out additional study strategies once they experience the variety of coursework in college.Identify a couple of challenges that you may expect to encounter with regard to your own study skills, and then discuss the resources available and your action plan to overcome those challenges. Challenges Resources Action Plan Example: Inability to fully concentrate and take notes during a long lecture. US Academic Resource Center online information and workshops, I. We will write a custom essay sample on Academic Strategies or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page E. Information about active listening during lectures. Read the information on the ARC website about listening during lectures. Practice habits of an effective listener listed on the website.Take a quick nap before class, put phone and laptop away, and practice concentrating during history class. Visit ARC workshop if that doesnt work. 1. I am worried will be a procrastinator, and not work as hard as I should on my studying. I can go use the US Academic Resource Center and watch helpful videos. I can also refer to some of the videos that have been used on the US 1010 Canvas course. Start making study schedules. I need to start doing my homework when it is handed out and fresh in my mind.I need to do homework when it is first available for me to do it. Can also make calendars and plan out my weeks. 2. I will also struggle to keep up with the rest of the class. I am a slow learner, and I am worried will fall behind. Can use the resources my professor gives me, like Supplemental Instruction classes, and also teaching assistants. Can also use the Library study groups and use the opportunity to study with my peers. I need to start going to Supplemental Instruction Courses and make time to learn more when I am not caught up.I need to make sure I put in extra time to study and stay caught up. Did you use your annotation and notes while taking the quiz? If so, would you have done as well if this was a closed-note quiz? Did use my notes and annotation, but think would have probably done just as well as did without them. What did you learn while doing this assignment? It is important to do well on note-taking and annotating. Even if you are not able to use those on a test or quiz, you retain more information by writing It down and going through the material repeatedly afterwards.