Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder ( Adhd ) - 3147 Words

Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) has been a diagnosis that has become controversial over the past few decades, but even more alarming is the treatment used to control this disorder and the possible lifelong effects this medication might have on them as adults. There is some school of thought that kids who are prescribed ADHD medications as children could have substance abuse issues later in life as they have an additional risk of addiction linked to the disorder, not to the treatment. The stimulant medication utilized to treat ADHD may have some long term effects on the child’s brain by changing the levels of neurotransmitters, the brain adapts to the medication so continuous updates and changes need to be made, stimulant†¦show more content†¦To better understand this diagnosis, one needs to fully understand what ADHD means and how it differs from ADD. ADD is attention deficit disorder, with characteristics of inattention and impulsivity (Attention Defici t Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD). With ADHD, it is identical to the ADD definition but adds in a good dose of hyperactivity. Although that definition seems simple, it really does encompass a great deal of conditions that are significant enough to interrupt normal functioning at home, work or school. Where ADD may have the individual seeming lost and oblivious or in a dream-like state, just not really caring, ADHD may have the person completely on the go, unable to sit still, impatient, frenzied, wired and/or seeking out something that is stimulating. Both of these may appear opposite but the effects are generally the same: it is difficult to pay attention, even harder to make and maintain friendships, tasks remain uncompleted, lack of impulse control, things are lost easily and places are left looking haphazard and disorganized. The adoption of ADD as a clinical diagnosis first happened in 1980, when the publication of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-III by the American Psychiatric Association first appeared (Lange). In 1987, ADHD became its own diagnosis, instead of falling into a

Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act Essay - 1076 Words

According to our textbook, Public Law 93-247 which is the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA), came into effect on January 31, 1974. This law is regards to childhood maltreatment. The law implemented the National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect. Central agencies needed to be created in each individual state. The central agencies had to have legal authority to investigate and be able to prosecute cases that involved abuse and neglect. The States also had to develop their own definitions, policies, procedures, and laws dealing with child abuse and neglect. With the amendment of 2003, states needed to include foster care, adoption, abandoned infants and family violence protection into their services. Public Law 93-247†¦show more content†¦For example, if a child has thrown an object at his parent or hits a parent out of anger, the child would receive a spanking without receiving an explainnation of what he did wrong. Then child would not learn that it is wr ong to throw things or hit at people. This would lead to the child repeating the behavior again. With discipline is all about reinforcing positive behaviors. One example can be to give out praises when a positive social behavior has been shown and encourage to continue the behavior. As the previous example that I used, if the parents had explained that it is not appropriate to hit or throw things at people. Then the child would have learned that what he did was wrong and would likely learn not to do it again if he is given an acceptable consequence to his behavior. When disciplining a child they must receive a consequence that is appropriate for his or her age. Physical abuse has to do with a person having injuries on their bodies that have been caused intentionally by others. This is the most common form of abuse that is seen throughout the world and history. In some cases patterns of physical abuse can be seen. Individuals that have been physical abuse can end up traumatized. In t he article â€Å"The Relationship Between Child Physical Abuse and Victimization in Dating Relationships: The role of Experiential Avoidance† describes how there can be an increase risk to being re-victimized for those that were physicallyShow MoreRelatedThe Child Abuse Prevention And Treatment Act1136 Words   |  5 Pagesdefine child neglect and abuse is both criminal and civil. The civil definitions that determine the grounds for intervention by State child protective agencies, at the Federal level, by the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA) January 31, 1974.By the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America and Congress assembled this act may be cited as, â€Å"the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act. Section 3 of the Law said† For purposes of this Act the term child abuse andRead MoreChild Abuse Prevention And Treatment Act1400 Words   |  6 PagesChild abuse is when a parent or caregiver, through action or failure to act, causes injury, death, emotional harm or risk of serious harm to a child. According to The Federal Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act, as amended by the CAPTA Reauthorization Act of 2010, at a minimum, child abuse and neglect is defined as, Any recent act or failure to act on the part of a parent or caretaker which results in death, serious physical or emotional harm, sexual abuse or exploitation; or An act or failureRead MoreThe Child Abuse Prevention And Treatment Of Act1184 Words   |  5 Pages Gimme Shelter The Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Reauthorization Act (2010) Kristan Maxwell Eastern Illinois University April 17, 2015 Movie Title: Gimme Shelter Based on a true story, the movie â€Å"Gimme Shelter† (2013) depicts a 16-year-old named Agnes â€Å"Apple† struggle after leaving her abusive home. Early on in the movie it was evident that Apple wanted better for herself and her future. In the past she had been in multiple shelters, foster homesRead MoreThe Child Abuse Prevention And Treatment Act992 Words   |  4 Pagesanother person (Goodmark, 2004). When a child is exposed to domestic violence that can be considered a form of child neglect, even if the child is not harmed. This includes seeing, hearing, or simply witnessing the aftereffects of violence, such as an injured victim (Child Welfare Information Gateway, 2012). While this is a large part of the laws, they are mainly in place to protect children from experiencing firsthand abuse. The Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA) was enacted in 1974 and designedRead MoreChild Abuse Prevention And Treatment Act1605 Words   |  7 PagesJoseph Meadow croft Research Essay Composition 1 Childhood Abuse Every child will certainly have many life experiences before they are mature. A child is very susceptible when developing, at every corner there are dangerous things from the environment surrounding them which might seriously impact their entire life. As definition in the Federal Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act: Child abuse is any action from adult to a child that could be harmful to the child’s body or mental state (kidsmatter)Read MoreChild Abuse Prevention And Treatment Act973 Words   |  4 Pages The Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act was originally enacted on January 31 1974(US Government 2011). The act has been amended several time throughout history. It was recently amended on December 20 2010 (US Government 2011). The Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act is also abbreviated as CAPTA. The Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act provides federal funding to states for the support of prevention, assessment, investigation, prosecution, and treatment activities (US Government 2011)Read MoreChild Abuse Prevention And Treatment Act1351 Words   |  6 Pages CHILD ABUSE By Anastasiya Drevinskiy Child Development and Learning in Cultural Context /EdPs 620/ Professor Jerry Gissinger Spring 2016 What is child abuse? From the word â€Å"abuse† we can understand that it is some sort of a maltreatment of a child, causing harm and damage both to his physical and psychological well-being. At the Federal level, the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA) describes child abuse and neglect as: â€Å"any recent act or failure to act on the part of a parentRead MoreChild Abuse Prevention And Treatment Act1017 Words   |  5 Pagesand often the intervention too late. Abuse and maltreatment of children have similar faces that may go unknown, silent or unseen. Is child abuse different from the today that n the past, which caused an increase of this type of abuse? Many children are unprotected form physical, sexual or emotional abuse, and by parents and friends. Is the problem with the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act that was passed to protect all children from abuse not been enforced? The way the worldRead MoreChild Abuse Prevention And Treatment A ct1159 Words   |  5 PagesChild Abuse Crisis in America What is the difference between discipline and abuse? The Federal Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA), (42 U.S.C.A.  §5106g), as amended and reauthorized by the CAPTA Reauthorization Act of 2010, defines child abuse and neglect as, at minimum: â€Å"Any recent act or failure to act on the part of a parent or caretaker which results in death, serious physical or emotional harm, sexual abuse or exploitation; or an act or failure to act which presents an imminentRead MoreChild Abuse Prevention And Treatment Act2692 Words   |  11 Pages Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA) Danielle Seele JS 189-02 F-14 San Jose State University I. Introduction In the United States child maltreatment is a common universal problem that can effect children of all ages (Fang, Brown, Florence, Mercy, 2012). Additionally, it is responsible for the main cause of mortalities among children who are the age of five years and younger with majority of the injuries inflicted by an adult caregiver (Schnitzer Ewigman, 2005)

Relationship Between Vicarious Liability And Non Delegable Duty

Question: Discuss the relationship between vicarious liability and non delegable duty? Answer: Introduction Vicarious liability: It is vicarious liability when wrong is done with a third party by the employee when he is in the employment. Its employer's vicarious liability for the wrongdoing of employees of the third party when he is in employment, For vicarious liability to exist, there has to be an employer, employee relationship and the wrong is done during his employment.The employer is directly liable for other way of behaving, conduct and wrongdoing to third parties. Non delegable duties: Whereas Non delegable duties are duty to care for others. For eg. Any Hospital or Any public institution has non delegable duties towards their patients or r public in the institution.Hospital would be liable if it does not show duty to care of patients.If employer fails to duty to care for others for the work delegated,he is liable to pay damages personally.In this case, employers earn lots of profits and so has to bear the risks arising therefrom.Since the employer has a duty to care, he will try to prevent accidents and will take all the possible steps to provide insurance to his employees. In Vicarious liability there should be employment relationship which means that provision of law of torts apply when the relationship is of employer and employee.It was held in Hollis V/s Vabu that an employer is vicariously liable for the wrong done by employees when in employment. Once the employment relationship is satisfied, it is essential that wrong was done in the course of employment. The relationship of employment also includes Principal and agent. Authorizing agent to act or do things on behalf of Principal establishes an employment relationship in law of Torts. The owner of the car is vicariously liable for the neglected conduct of his driver.[1] In non-delegable duty, hospital is vicariously liable for all the persons who are in the services of the hospital and do so in the name of the hospital. In Kondis V/s State Transport Authority, an employer had hired an independent contractor who operated crane, the jib of the crane fell upon the employee. In this case the employer was not vicariously liable for negligence of the Contractor but was liable to the employee or claimant on whom the jib fell as per the provisions of non delegable duty. [2] Whenever there is a breach of nondelegable duty it can be so determined only if it were treated as vicarious liability. Thus the factor of vulnerability is relevant in the circumstances if the act of employee was carried out through delegation. In recent times, the question had arisen in respect of Independent Contractors. Whether Employer was vicariously liable for the wrong done by the independent contractor. It was held that an employer is not only vicariously liable for the wrong doing of his employees, but his liability extends to the independent contractor too.[3] The U.K. Laws have taken into consideration many instances where it is the non delegable duty of the independent contractor to take due care. One such instance is that of extra hazardous acts. In the case of Honeywill Stein Ltd V/s Larkin Bros 1934 Lord Sumption had held that defendant was held for non delegable duty who had hired an independent contractor for extra hazardous activities. Another instance is of work carried out for highway. [4] It is the non delegable duty of independent contractor to take due care of all passing on the highway and that his work though of an independent contractor should take due care that his operations do not cause any harm or danger to passersby. One more instance is of withdrawal of support of neighboring land. It is the non delegable duty of the landlord to take due care of the common wall of his and his neighbors while carrying out any work on one's own land in spite of employing independent contractor. In Rylands V/s Fletcher, If an individual keeps anything on his land that would escape, it is his non delegable duty to take due care is taken by him if it escaped and no harm or injur y is caused to anyone due to such escape though the things are bought by an independent contractor. A bailment is another instance where it is the duty of bailee to take due care of goods bailed with him. In case of negligence bailee will be held liable for non delegable duty. An employer's duty to care for his employees. Employer in this case is liable to take due care to his employees by keeping them in safe conditions or environment. Any harm or injury if caused to them, the employer is directly liable for damages and compensation. Hence employer cannot avoid this even if the employer has delegated his work to someone else. Relationship between vicarious liability and non delegable duty In Vicarious liability, an employer is liable for any wrong done by the employee when in employment irrespective of the relationship between injured and the employer. Whereas in non delegable duty the relationship between injured and the employer has to be established.In vicarious liability it is the duty of the employee and breach by employee. In Cassidy v/s Ministry of health Lord Denning observed that the most important factor was not of the relationship between hospital and the negligent doctor but between claimant and the hospital. When hospitals employ or hire doctors or specialists or nurses or any other person for taking care of patients, than if any surgeon, doctor, nurse or any person so appointed is negligent in his duties in taking due care of patients than a hospital is liable for the negligence of any person whose services are taken by the hospital. So here the relationship between the claimant and hospital is to be examined (Salvador-Coderch, Garoupa and Gmez-Ligerre, n.d.). The provisions of vicarious liability were applied in most of the cases, but here Lord Denning observed that hospitals had a non delegable duty to care of the patients who came for treatment. Lord Sumption has observed that there were two categories of non delegable duty. The first is where the an independent contractor is hired by the defendant for his work the operation of the said work is hazardous. The second category has three features where duty (i) arises because of the relationship between the defendant and the claimant which is antesedent relationship and not due to the negligence of the work carried out (ii) is a not a negative duty .it is either positive or affirmative duty to protect certain class of people against certain kinds of risks and not simply to move away from or get away from acting in such a way that causes injury and (iii) is one by the value of that relationship personal to the defendant.[5] Applicability of non delegable duty Lord Sumption observed that the main problem with this was to not allow a wrongdoer to eat up the rule So this duty has following features: 1. The claimant may be a patient, pupil, student a prisoner or the resident of a care home or one who is vulnerable or dependant on the defendant's protection against risk of injury. 2. An antecedent and different type of relationship between the claimant and the defendant and where claimant is under the charge of the defendant and where it has been assumed to protect the claimant from harm, a duty being positive. 3. The claimant is not aware as to how the defendant performs his work or operations and neither any control on defendant. 4. The defendant has delegated a part of his work or duty to a third party and so the claimant is in care of a third party who is carrying on his work delegated to him by the defendant. 5. The third party in the work delegated to him by the defendant commits negligence in the matter of claimant. The most important factor is the third party's control over the claimant for which the responsibility is assumed by the defendant. Since the Courts should be just, fair and reasonable, so It is right to say that the school should be answerable for all the acts done by its delegate while carrying out the work and should exercise control carefully.It was further held that though schools have a duty to care a non delegable duty they cannot be held liable for duty which it cannot perform but has to make arrangements for the performance of certain duties such as school trips. But schools are under statutory obligations. They are bound by statutes, hence they always assume the role of parent, which means they have a much bigger responsibility than the parent as schools develop intimacy with every child in school and this intimacy of the school with the child cannot be explained in any language of law. The result is that the school had a non delegable duty to care if the child was injured d ue to negligence by the contractor who was delegated work on behalf of the school. The school is in breach of duty. Lady Hale too agreed what Lord Sumption observed, but opined that new situations may take place every day and this is not enough so precaution is essential. Though the case of Woodland V/s swimming teachers association would raise the levels of fear in the minds of people, there is no need for such anxiety as the schools have started giving the work to the staff which would make school vicariously liable. Henceforth schools will take steps to indemnify the child from any such external arrangements.[6] In the case of Woodland V/s Swimming Teachers Association Essex Count Council a school was alleged that it had a non delegable duty as loco parenti to take due care of children in school. In the Appeal Court judges held that it was unjust and unfair to make Essex County Council liable for non delegable duty in view of the fact that swimming lessons were given outside the school and that school had no control over the exercise of powers given to the swimming pool. Lord Sumption disagreed with the judges of the appeal court and rejected what was said. Lord Sumption held that the school was not having powers over the swimming pool cannot be considered as even if in this case school had no powers, in spite of it the school was liable for non delegable duty. The claimant was injured in the environment for which the defendant school had assumed responsibility of due care.Lord Sumption further rejected that it would not be fair and reasonable to put the burden of duty on school. He reasoned that it is always the policy and rule of law under the provisions of this law to protect the vulnerable and dependant against those who have control over them. The parents repose trust in the school when they send their children to school. It is right for school to owe greater responsibility to their students than that of a parent as schools are governed by statutes and it is their statutory obligation to take due care of its students. In any legal context the intimacy of school with students cannot be explained. As after home their second home is a school. Swimming was a part of school lessons so if the lifeguard and swimming teachers were negligent in their operation of work delegated to them, it was the breach of duty to care on the part of school for not providing safe swimming lessons. Assumption of responsibility Lord Blackburn had referred that assumption of responsibility had risen by the value of the relationship that the defendant has with the claimant. To determine whether the defendant has the duty to care only as far as the loss of the claimant is concerned as a tool to the law of negligence by assuming the responsibility. Undoubtedly, in this case the public services and educational institutes like schools are responsible and owed a duty of care to its pupils protection and has to see that no harm or injury is caused to its pupils. But the concept of assumption of responsibility has to determine its scope, whether the potential loss is economic or physical. In the said circumstances, it is a must that the defendant should not only have an affirmative or positive duty, but the duty to the assumption of responsibility in its true sense. The defendant should have that virtue of assuming responsibility for all the wrong or negligence of his delegates.[7] This is a markedly more onerous obligation. What are the circumstances in which a person may be taken to have assumed it? The circumstances in which it is assumed in many cases where employees, hospital patients, school pupils and invitees are injured by the persons working for the defendant where the defendant was not vicariously liable. In many situations where the defendant is held liable and further held that defendant had assumed positive duty due to some special relationship. Henderson v Merrett Syndicates Ltd [1995] 2 AC 145 is a classic example of a duty of care to perform professional services which has arisen due to the said specific relationship and not due to contract. All of these features were also present in Hughes v Percival (1883) 8 App Cas 443, which was one of the first cases in which the same principle was applied to a duty of care. The parties were living next door and had a common party wall. A builder was carrying out some work in the house of the defendants Due to the builder's act of negligence a cut was formed into the party wall, which led to the collapse of both the neighbors house living next-door. On its facts, therefore, the case had many of the classic features about non-delegable duties in the law of nuisance. The question mark has never been seriously put on the fact that when a patie nt in the hospital is injured due to the negligence of a nurse it matters whether the nurse is employed by the hospital or by an agency; or if a pupil at school is injured by a teacher it matters whether the teacher is employed by the school or is self- employed.[8] Yet these are not employees of the hospital or school, nor can it be said that their relationship with the school is akin to employment in the sense in which the relationship of the individual Christian Brothers to their Order was akin to employment in the case of Various Claimants v Catholic Child Welfare Society and others [2012] UKSC 56, [2013] 2 AC 1. The hospital or for that matter any such utilities as school or any educational institutions have undertaken to take care for the patients and pupils thereof and hence are liable school, and that hiring of or taking the services of competent people does not give any relief to the defendant but it is the duty of school and hospital to see that due care is taken in delega ting the duties. The delegates in view of the exercise of powers have to bear in mind that schools and hospitals are responsible if due care is not taken by delegates. To speak about law of negligence in a general sense, the defendant is liable only for the acts which he has omitted to do or which is done by him negligently. The court does not hold the defendant liable for the wrong done by others in ordinary cases but as far as vicarious liability and non delegable duties are concerned the law of negligence can be said to be fault based.[9] This is because, as Cory J observed, in the Supreme Court of Canada in Lewis v British Columbia [1997] a common law in duty of care the defendant does not have to comply with any specific or particular obligation.It is only when any work or operation or act is undertaken by a party than it is the duty of the party to take due and reasonable care.The concept expressed asnon-delegable duty has been adopted in modern law and has taken the place of ordinary law while dealing with the cases where more carefulness is required for the performance of work delegated to others. The provisions of principles as laid by Lord Sumption has become the conventional way of dealing with all such cases.[10] Conclusion: In 2010 Clerk and Lindsel observed that it was not possible and difficult to admit when the non delegable duty arises as English law has not laid any relevant principles in common law to arrive at such a decision. But after the judgement in Woodland V/s swimming teachers association Lord Sumption had laid down certain principles which the lawyers can rely upon and will help them in applying the principles laid down by his Lordship in respect of non delegable duties so that a right path is clear to them. The distinction between vicarious and direct liability depends on whether the defendant's liability is triggered by its relationship with the plaintiff or the wrongdoer. As that distinction has been gradually eroded through cases such as S v Attorney-General and Lister, vicarious liability has become less strict. However, those cases in which the reasoning has focused mostly on the defendant's own duties to the plaintiff can be distinguished using breach of non-delegable duties. This preserves the non-faulted character of vicarious liability.[11] The distinction between non-delegable duties and vicarious liability also helps to keep the latter in its proper context, the employment relationship. Developing the doctrine by reference to the characteristics of this type of relationship, as the English Court of Appeal did in Portsmouth, retains the underpinning rationale of vicarious liability and ensures the test is simple to apply. This approach should be preferred to the vague extension of the doctrine in S v Attorney-General by references to the agency. It is not suggested that the principles underlying the provisions of non delgable duty are not favorable to the defendant. The main reason for dealing with cases was to apply the provisions of vicarious liability and non delegable duty to work in harmony. Though U.K. Supreme court is very clear, but there are many questions which are still to be solved. 1. When the conditions of vicarious liability do not satisfy the case, can the provisions of non delegable duty be used in case of negligence by employee and can the employer be liable for such negligence. 2. Are vicarious liability and non delegable duty distinctive or apart from each other. It is suggested that both the concepts should be integrated as they both when applied give the same result which can be practically applied. References Barak A, 'Mixed And Vicarious LiabilityA Suggested Distinction' (1966) 29 The Modern Law Review Barrett B, 'Clarification Of Employer's Liability For Work-Related Stress' (2002) 31 Industrial Law Journal Barrett B, 'Vicarious Liability For Harassment By An Employee' (2006) 35 Industrial Law Journal Bell J, 'VICARIOUS LIABILITY FOR CHILD ABUSE' (2010) 69 The Cambridge Law Journal Cave T, 'The Evolution Of Vicarious Liability: When Are Employers Responsible?' (2013) 15 Nurs Residential Care Daly M and Silver C, 'Flattening The World Of Legal Services? The Ethical And Liability Minefields Of Offshoring Legal And Law-Related Services' SSRN Journal Fox D, 'Non-Excludable Trustee Duties' (2010) 17 Trusts Trustees Giliker P, 'Vicarious Liability Or Liability For The Acts Of Others In Tort: A Comparative Perspective' (2011) 2 Journal of European Tort Law Havercroft I and Reisberg A, 'Directors' Duties Under The UK Companies Act 2006 And The Impact Of The Company's Operations On The Environment' SSRN Journal Lockwood G, 'The Widening Of Vicarious Liability: Implications For Employers' (2011) 53 Int Jnl Law Management 'Master And Servant. Non-Delegable Duty Of Master. Vice-Principal' (1926) 12 Virginia Law Review McIvor C, 'The Use And Abuse Of The Doctrine Of Vicarious Liability' (2006) 35 Common Law World Review Morgan P, 'Distorting Vicarious Liability' (2011) 74 The Modern Law Review Morgan P, 'RECASTING VICARIOUS LIABILITY' (2012) 71 The Cambridge Law Journal Salvador-Coderch P, Garoupa N and Gmez-Ligerre C, 'Scope Of Liability: The Vanishing Distinction Between Negligence And Strict Liability' (2009) 28 European Journal of Law and Economics Stern R, 'Vicarious Liability For Infringement' (2004) 24 IEEE Micro 'Strict Liability And Negligence: The Distinguishable Twins Of Products Liability' (1987) 27 Microelectronics Reliability TAN S, 'Vicarious Liability' (2008) 41 Internal Medicine News Weddle J, 'Title VII Sexual Harassment: Recognizing An Employer's Non-Delegable Duty To Prevent A Hostile Workplace' (1995) 95 Columbia Law Review [1] Tabitha Cave, 'The Evolution Of Vicarious Liability: When Are Employers Responsible?' (2013) 15 Nurs Residential Care. [2] Aharon Barak, 'Mixed And Vicarious LiabilityA Suggested Distinction' (1966) 29 The Modern Law Review. [3] Graeme Lockwood, 'The Widening Of Vicarious Liability: Implications For Employers' (2011) 53 Int Jnl Law Management. [4] 'Master And Servant. Non-Delegable Duty Of Master. Vice-Principal' (1926) 12 Virginia Law Review. [5] D. Fox, 'Non-Excludable Trustee Duties' (2010) 17 Trusts Trustees. [6] John Bell, 'VICARIOUS LIABILITY FOR CHILD ABUSE' (2010) 69 The Cambridge Law Journal. [7] Tabitha Cave, 'The Evolution Of Vicarious Liability: When Are Employers Responsible?' (2013) 15 Nurs Residential Care. [8] B. Barrett, 'Vicarious Liability For Harassment By An Employee' (2006) 35 Industrial Law Journal. [9] Pablo Salvador-Coderch, Nuno Garoupa and Carlos Gmez-Ligerre, 'Scope Of Liability: The Vanishing Distinction Between Negligence And Strict Liability' (2009) 28 European Journal of Law and Economics. [10] 'Strict Liability And Negligence: The Distinguishable Twins Of Products Liability' (1987) 27 Microelectronics Reliability. [11] Paula Giliker, 'Vicarious Liability Or Liability For The Acts Of Others In Tort: A Comparative Perspective' (2011) 2 Journal of European Tort Law.

That finds its manner into the field and besides t Essays

that finds its manner into the field and besides they might seek to acquire to things that are on the other side of the fencing when they are running out of eatages in the field that they are in. Any loose stuff that is in or around a field that can do jobs for farm animal should be picked up to forestall any kind of hardware disease job. There have been several documented instances in the universe for cowss that have had jobs with hardware disease. In 1999 Rancher Janie Easterbrook claims that the contact that her cowss had with a lodging development caused them to acquire hardware disease. She told the newsman that spots of metal can remain in the tummy for a long clip before they do any harm. Hardware disease can strike at any clip and all it takes is emphasis or anything that causes the tummy to contract. In the cowss happenings such as, gestation will travel the metal object through the wall, along with tummy contractions and external respiration. The cow could be traveling the right manner at the incorrect clip to do the metal in the Reticulum to be a job. The necropsy studies on her last three cattles, listed the cause of decease to be hardware disease. Easterbrook stated that since she had been raising cowss in 1993 she had neer lost a cow to hardware disease ( Buckly ) . Let s take for case that cow an grownup cow cost around 1500 dollars and a calf cost around 600 dollars. In a herd of 100 cattles and 50 calves if you lose 6 cattles and 3 calves so you are losing over 10 thousand dollars due to a disease that is non truly a disease. In any instance, even if merely one cow in your herd of 100 dies, that is still one cow excessively many. It is about absurd at the proprietor s ignorance if the carnal gets hardware disease. There is excessively much information available online and in any carnal related office non to be cognizant of this disease. Once the proprietor is cognizant of the disease, it is improbably easy to forestall it. If you are non able t o forestall your cowss from acquiring hardware disease so the following best thing is intervention. The best thing for you to make in fixing you cattle for hardware disease is to believe as if your cow has hardware disease. This means puting a magnet in the cowss s bow tummy. ( WVUE ) Besides harmonizing to the University of Missouri, another intervention is to put the front pess of the cow on a platform someplace about 6 to 8 inches off the land as this may halt the foreign object from traveling frontward ( UoM 1993 ) This method of intervention takes approximately 10 to 20 yearss, besides the husbandman should administrate antibiotics to will maintain the spread of infection down ( UoM 1993 ) . There is a 20 to 30 percent addition of recovery when you are able to catch hardware disease early ; unlike if you let it travel untreated there is an 80 90 per centum opportunity of decease. ( MVM 2008 ) Another intervention is surgery called rumenotomy which means that you have to manuall y take to object or objects, besides the physician needs to look for abscess on the Reticulum so that they can be opened up and drained back into the Reticulum ( MVM 2008 ) . If the bovine does hold this process done, at least some signifier of antibiotics need to be administered ( MVM 2008 ) . The veterinary intervention for hardware disease includes the usage of an anti-bacterial to command the redness of the peritoneal inflammation and besides a magnet is given to halt it from go oning once more ( MVM 2008 ) . Like many husbandmans may cognize, Penicillin is a really effectual antibiotic. It is inexpensive and easy to administrate and can be really effectual against hardware disease. Cows that are affected, like any animate being that has a disease or enfeebling upset should be placed off from the remainder of the herd for at least 1

Ethical Concerns of GPS System essays

Ethical Concerns of GPS System essays We all have heard of the Global Positioning Systems and the many ways it maybe helpful to everyday life. Although GPS is helpful, there are many complaints and issues that are brought to everyones attention in how it may be a downbeat. A concern, I feel, is the reliability of the GPS system. We all already know that technology has its effect of making everything in life so much easier, therefore it make us all a little lazier. But with this GPS system, I think the problem occurs when it takes away your ability to know on your own than to always have to rely on a device. It is like stealing away your knowledge and capabilities, or even taking away from the thought of having to learn on your own. I can recognize that with that issue, it can have an effect on cultural values. The reason why I state that is because in a lot of different cultures, mainly out of the states, I know that their own knowledge of navigation is a very resourceful value. Because of that, they are look upon as guides or someone that may be worthy and with this device they may be not as valuable anymore. Another major concern is that people are not comfortable with the thought of being tracked everywhere you go. [The CPSR Newsletter. Safety, Security and Surveillance] Invasion of privacy is the issue. With the use of surveillance cameras and GPS technology, public places are turned into systems where we are constantly being watched, to monitor your behavior and everything you do. I understand that the reason behind it is to provide safety and security, but it may be an uncomfortable thing to most. Personally, I have been in situations where I may just be shopping, minding my own business and I can feel someone following me to assure that I do not shoplift their products. A lot of people feel that way with just the thought of being able to be tracked or the sense of being monitored. So I can definitely relate to this compl ...

Convincing your boss to let you work from home (template included)

Convincing your boss to let you work from home (template included) Thanks to innovations in technology in recent years, the work world is changing at breakneck speed- and many of these changes are affecting how we perform our jobs on a daily basis. One big change involves where we do our jobs- everything from new teleconferencing apps like GoToMeeting to advances in mobile computing have made it possible for many of us to successfully do our jobs from anywhere, including work from home. Some progressively minded companies have really embraced this option, and are allowing their employees more flexible schedules that include a work from home option. This can be a real perk for current and prospective employees, and it can also benefit the companies as well- lost time spent getting ready for work and commuting often gets regained and poured into being more productive and employees who are empowered with a work from home option are often more enthusiastic and motivated on the job.Other companies, for one reason or another, have been more reluctant to a llow their employees a work from home option- with the unfortunate result being that both employers and employees fail to benefit from the opportunity.Do you work for a company that hasn’t yet embraced working from home? If so, there may be a way to convince the powers-that-be to consider making a change. What’s the secret to getting your boss to be open to this possibility? It’s no secret- in fact, it’s a well-known strategy and it’s one that’s been proven effective whenever the goal is to convince someone of the merits of a new business idea: you use clear and convincing logic, backed up by substantiated evidence, to make a compelling case. Be sure not to make the primary focus of the request about how this benefits you, but instead how it could potentially benefit the entire company.When you decide to talk to your boss in an attempt to convince them to let you work from home, choose your time and method of communication wisely.Is your bos s in a better mood at the beginning of the week on a Monday or at the end of the week on a Friday? Is the beginning of the day or the end of the day the best time frame?Does your boss prefer face-to-face discussions or are they more open and responsive to emails? Stating your case via email may be a smart option, as having your points laid out in writing will allow them to be reviewed and re-reviewed by your boss as needed as they work towards making a decision.The following is a sample email that you can use as a guide to help you prepare for your conversation with your boss:Hi [Boss’s name],  I’ve been thinking about ways to help boost efficiency at work and I came across this interesting data about the benefits of allowing employees to work from home: http://globalworkplaceanalytics.com/resources/costs-benefits.I know you’re busy, so I pulled out some of the key points:   It improves overall employee satisfactionIt helps reduce employee attrition and turn overIt reduces unscheduled employee absencesIt can help increase employee motivation and productivityIt can help reduce office/administrative costsIt’s a good perk when trying to attract new talentPerhaps a pilot program might be a good way to test this- I’d be more than willing to take part. If it goes well, we can look at a wider rollout? I’m happy to discuss this further, thank you for taking the time to consider this.Best wishes,[Your name]This sample email is short, sweet, and direct, and provides compelling information to help convince your boss to at least consider trying this out. It’s focused on ways to help the company overall (not just you), which will make you look good. And it’s polite and professional, which are definitely helpful when you’re trying to be convincing at work. But of course, you know your boss best, so feel free to adapt this email accordingly to your boss and situation. Hopefully, with a little effort and luck, you can convince your boss to let you try working from home.

Convincing your boss to let you work from home (template included)

Convincing your boss to let you work from home (template included) Thanks to innovations in technology in recent years, the work world is changing at breakneck speed- and many of these changes are affecting how we perform our jobs on a daily basis. One big change involves where we do our jobs- everything from new teleconferencing apps like GoToMeeting to advances in mobile computing have made it possible for many of us to successfully do our jobs from anywhere, including work from home. Some progressively minded companies have really embraced this option, and are allowing their employees more flexible schedules that include a work from home option. This can be a real perk for current and prospective employees, and it can also benefit the companies as well- lost time spent getting ready for work and commuting often gets regained and poured into being more productive and employees who are empowered with a work from home option are often more enthusiastic and motivated on the job.Other companies, for one reason or another, have been more reluctant to a llow their employees a work from home option- with the unfortunate result being that both employers and employees fail to benefit from the opportunity.Do you work for a company that hasn’t yet embraced working from home? If so, there may be a way to convince the powers-that-be to consider making a change. What’s the secret to getting your boss to be open to this possibility? It’s no secret- in fact, it’s a well-known strategy and it’s one that’s been proven effective whenever the goal is to convince someone of the merits of a new business idea: you use clear and convincing logic, backed up by substantiated evidence, to make a compelling case. Be sure not to make the primary focus of the request about how this benefits you, but instead how it could potentially benefit the entire company.When you decide to talk to your boss in an attempt to convince them to let you work from home, choose your time and method of communication wisely.Is your bos s in a better mood at the beginning of the week on a Monday or at the end of the week on a Friday? Is the beginning of the day or the end of the day the best time frame?Does your boss prefer face-to-face discussions or are they more open and responsive to emails? Stating your case via email may be a smart option, as having your points laid out in writing will allow them to be reviewed and re-reviewed by your boss as needed as they work towards making a decision.The following is a sample email that you can use as a guide to help you prepare for your conversation with your boss:Hi [Boss’s name],  I’ve been thinking about ways to help boost efficiency at work and I came across this interesting data about the benefits of allowing employees to work from home: http://globalworkplaceanalytics.com/resources/costs-benefits.I know you’re busy, so I pulled out some of the key points:   It improves overall employee satisfactionIt helps reduce employee attrition and turn overIt reduces unscheduled employee absencesIt can help increase employee motivation and productivityIt can help reduce office/administrative costsIt’s a good perk when trying to attract new talentPerhaps a pilot program might be a good way to test this- I’d be more than willing to take part. If it goes well, we can look at a wider rollout? I’m happy to discuss this further, thank you for taking the time to consider this.Best wishes,[Your name]This sample email is short, sweet, and direct, and provides compelling information to help convince your boss to at least consider trying this out. It’s focused on ways to help the company overall (not just you), which will make you look good. And it’s polite and professional, which are definitely helpful when you’re trying to be convincing at work. But of course, you know your boss best, so feel free to adapt this email accordingly to your boss and situation. Hopefully, with a little effort and luck, you can convince your boss to let you try working from home.

Nestle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Nestle - Essay Example Nestle’s Nescafe, the leading coffee brand, is drank in almost every country and the company owns scores of other household names, including confectionery such as Kit Kat, Smarties, Yorkie and Aero along with Perrier water, in the UK. Hot Pockets in the US, Baeren Marke in Germany, Mucilon in Brazil, Orion chocolate in Czechoslovakia and Slovakia and Maggi seasoning in Asia are among its well-known brand names. (Johnston) The past two years has seen Nestle’s Maggi ready-mix seasoning targeting Asian ethnic cuisine with mixes for sautees, broths and others. The new Cranberry Raisenets was launched in March last year as an addition to the Nestle Raisinets family. To take care of distribution Nestle has 406 subsidiaries and offices in 104 countries and joint ventures with Coca-Cola, General Mills, L'Oreal and Fonterra, not to include several other corporations not as large (â€Å"Nestle SA: Who, Where, How Much?†) Nestle aggressively promotes its products and is hig hly visible in energy drinks and supplements for athletes. In developing countries where it sources some of its raw materials, Nestle is highly visible in events which build up the goodwill and image it has established over the decades of doing its businesses. Nestle’s Milo in Asia has built a solid image as an energy drink indispensable in the growth of young aspiring athletes.

John Locke and His Influence on the American Revolution Essay

John Locke and His Influence on the American Revolution - Essay Example At the core of his ideology is the principle that people are, by nature, equal. There is no one who is above others in terms of economic, political, and cultural power. Because of this, no one also has the right to harm other people. In Two Treatises on Government, he wrote that people a natural state â€Å"do not have to ask permission to act or depend on the will of others to arrange matters on their behalf† (Locke 70). Apparently, such theory introduces concept that challenges the validity or the relevance of the government and laws. In line with his concept of individual freedoms in relation to the laws and the government, Locke also has a critical view on taxes imposed on the people. For him, taxes are similar to stealing a portion of the fruits of one’s labor. However, despite his expositions that greatly diminished the relevance of the state’s existence, Locke never went to the extent of calling for its abolition. Nevertheless, his ideas inspired other thi nkers of his time and after to develop the concept of modern democracy. Among these is the concept that democracy’s core is the will of the people. ... These were reformist in essence. These aimed to appeal to the rulers’ conscience in the hope that they mend their ways of governing. Locke, however, was not a reformist in his views. He went to criticize the roots of oppression and tyranny, the doctrine of divine right of kings. For him, it is not the king or the ruler as a person that is the problem but the principles that upholds, defends, and promotes his existence in human society. What makes this political principle radical is that it strikes at the roots of the problem of oppression which is the concept that monarchs are chosen by God and that, therefore, their authority cannot be questioned. Locke, of course, did not directly confront the English throne himself. However, by presenting his radical views to the public through his written works, particularly Two Treatises on Government, he laid the foundation of the belief that the struggles against oppressive social structures are not only justified but also legitimate un der the laws of nature. Locke’s ideas were definitely revolutionary when these are appreciated in the historical context of his time. When he questioned the validity and the legitimacy of the rule of kings and other monarchs, a great majority of the world’s nations were ruled by royal families and absolutist regimes. These basically violate the essence of the individual freedom that Locke advocated. His concept that essentially calls for the downfall of such rulers is undoubtedly revolutionary. However, it must be pointed out that the â€Å"Lockean notion of revolution is certainly a form of mass political participation, but it is an activity that derives its moral authority from an irreducibly

Burton Snowboards Essay Example for Free

Burton Snowboards Essay Burton create utility for people who would like to enjoy a different type of activity in the snowing environment: †¢ Form utility: Burton took the idea of building the snowboard from snurfer which use to be received as a toy modify its concept to create a snowboard that can be perceived as a winter sport activity. †¢ Time utility: Burton’s snowboards products are available for people who enjoy snowboarding during the winter and snowing season which are suitable for snowboarding in ski mountains. Place utility: Burton made alliance with ski resorts to provide he snowboarding activity in ski mountains when the customers want to try different kind of winter sport. †¢ Ownership utility: Burton snowboard sells snowboard for the customers who like snowboarding activity around the world through a network of 3000 dealers sells the product. How can event marketing help Burton expand the customer base for its products? Burton conducts event marketing to allow people to try out the products for free; this will give the people to have an actual experience of the product and the activity that stays in the people’s memory, also the old customers can be invited and can give testimonies for the people about the product this is a good way to deliver the message about the product and increase the awareness as well. Burton runs about 400 demos around the word, these demos can maximize the audience involvement and interaction, so people remember and recall the product later at the time of buying. Suggest additional ways Burton snowboards marketers can use the Internet to more effectively build relationships and market their products? Burton snowboard can use the email newsletters to communicate with the existent customer and interested customers as well. It helps to provide an update about the company’s events and new products introduced. Customers will be kept updated about the company occasionally about the latest news, announcements or promotions. Blog is a great tool to provide two ways communications with the customers and people that share similar interests; Burton can recruit bloggers to write blogs about the events and products or any articles about the industry, and let the people response to them and share their ideas and inquiries. Burtons can join famous social network such as Facebook and twitter and allow many fans to join them this will enable burtons to update their fans about the event, offers, products, services and discuss related matters between fans. Relationship marketing is key to Burton’s success. Suggest two or three steps that the firm should be consider taking during the next five years to further enhance its relationships with the consumers and ski resorts? Burtons should take advantage of the best technology to easily keep track of business partners and customers preferences; this will help to identify key sales processes and provide ideas about the marketing plans for the existent customers and partners. Burtons should invest in its employees, training them to develop their interpersonal skills to deal with practical details of customers and their ability to handle complains and problems in order to exceed customer expectations about the services quality presented. Burtons can provide some sort of loyalty program for the existent customers to reward and motivate them to deal more with the company; this will enhance their relationship with the company and retain them at a lower cost of marketing.

Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots Essay -- Biography

Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots She became queen when she was only 6 days old. She was sent to France at age six to get married. She is the cousin of Queen Elizabeth I. Who is this elegant, yet struggling woman? Mary Stuart, Queen of Scotland. Beautiful and brave, Mary Stuart was known for being the Queen of Scotland, France, and was in line for the throne of England and she was also considered the true queen of England. Mary Stuart was born on December 8, 1542, in Lithingow Palace, Scotland. She was the daughter of King James V of Scotland and Mary of Guise. Her father died only six days after Mary was born, so she became Queen of Scotland when she was only six days old (Haws Early Life par 1). She was crowned on the ninth of September the following year at Sterling. Mary was christened in the Parish Church of St. Michael, near the palace (â€Å"Mary, Queen of Scots† par 1). Later, when Mary turned six, she was sent to France by her French mother for her protection. While she was there, she lived as the French royal family (Haws Early Life par 1 and 2). When she set off to France, she traveled with the Children of Scotland’s Nobility, which included the Four Marys. They are the women who would stay with her throughout anything (â€Å"Mary Queen of Scots Bio† par 5). They were also educated at the French court with Mary, where she was brought up. During her stay in France, King Henry gave Mary precedence over his own daughters, since she was going to marry his son in the future. Later, in April 1558, she married Henry’s son, the Dauphin Francis, when she was 15 years old. Soon after, in July 1559, when King Henry died, Francis became King Francis II of France, thus making Mary the Queen of France also (Haws Early Life par 1-2). Since Fran... ...he gave birth to her only son James VI. After Henry died, she married the Earl of Bothwell, even after he was accused for the death of Henry (â€Å"Mary, Queen of Scots† par 6-12). They ran away together and formed an army to protect them and fight with them (â€Å"Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots† par 7-8). Mary had confusing and specified accomplishments in her life, many of which were marriage and her being a queen of many countries. To conclude, Mary had a very hard and complicated life, especially with England tying to kill her. James VI replaced his mother’s throne, and later he took the English throne after the death of Queen Elizabeth I in 1603. Mary was bought up in France. She only had reign over Scotland for 6 years. Mary and Elizabeth I never actually met. Mary died on February 8, 1587 (â€Å"Fun Trivia MQoS†). â€Å"In my end is my beginning.† – Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots.

Theories of Development

Theories of Development There are many branches of psychology. The field of human development is divided into five theory groups. The theory groups are Psychodynamic, Cognitive, Systems, Biological and Behavioral. Each theory group has many contributing theorists. Some theories overlap while others are independent. Often theories are credible whereas others cause skepticism. There are many contributors to the world of psychology with different views and beliefs about human development. Psychodynamic Theory Sigmund Freud was one of the most influential contributors to the field of psychology.Freud was born in 1856, in Moravia. In 1881, Freud received a doctorate in medicine. Freud’s main focus of study was neurology; this led him  to begin  concentrating his research on nervous disorders. Freud’s research brought him to his psychoanalytical theory. Freud’s theory suggests that an individual’s unconscious processes or thoughts contribute to one’s personality and influences one’s behavior. Freud’s theory included the concept that personality is composed of three elements: the id (pleasure seeker), the ego (deals with reality), and the superego (one’s sense of right and wrong).Freud also believed that human development consisted of five psychosexual stages: the oral stage (birth-18 months), anal stage (18 months-3 years), phallic stage (3-6 years), latency stage (6-12 years), and the genital stage (12 years and up). The theory included the belief that if one wants to develop a healthy personality, one has to complete all five psychosexual stages successfully. Another great contributor to the Psychodynamic field of psychology is Erik Erickson. Erickson was born in 1902, in Germany. Erickson travelled around Europe and attended the Vienna Psychoanalytic Institute.Erickson was intrigued by Freud’s theory, however Erickson believed that development occurred throughout one’s lifespan and that oneà ¢â‚¬â„¢s personality is shaped consciously from social interactions. Erickson developed the psychosocial theory of personality development. The theory includes eight stages of development: Trust vs. mistrust (birth-12 months), Autonomy vs. shame and doubt (12 months-3 years), Initiative vs. guilt (3-6 years), Industry vs. inferiority (6-12 years), Ego identity vs. ego diffusion (12-18 years or older), Intimacy vs. solation (18-40 years), Generativity vs. self-absorption (40-65 years), and Integrity vs. despair (65 years and older). According to Craig and Dunn (2010),   Erickson’s theory emphasizes social interactions and argues that a distinct part of each individual is based on the culture in which the individual is raised, depending heavily on the individual’s interactions with  caregivers  during infancy. Social forces continue to shape personality throughout the lifespan as the individual experiences relationships with others (p. 13). Cognitive TheoryThe cogn itive theory attempts to explain human behavior. This theory of psychology tries to understand the thought process behind one’s personality or behavior. Two of the main cognitive theorists are Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky. Both theorists have come a long way to help us understand the cognitive theory. The cognitive approach to psychology has shown a lot of advancement from the contributions made by Piaget and Vygotsky. They have set the foundation for other theorists to do more research. Vygotsky and Piaget had similar thoughts on how children learn.Both theorists believed that children learn and think differently than adults and that children learn actively, through hands-on experiences. Piaget suggested that children think differently than adults. He developed this belief from observations and his stage theory of development. He was one of the first theorists to state that children are actively gaining their own knowledge of the world. Piaget often referred to children as à ¢â‚¬Å"little scientists†. The reason behind the nickname is Piaget believed that children in free play were conducting their own â€Å"experiments† in the world to gain their own knowledge from it.One way that Piaget believed that children were learning object permanence, was by rolling a ball into the other room and then going to get it. This was the natural way for children to learn from their own â€Å"experiment†. Piaget developed a theory of cognitive development, known as the Development Stage Theory. Piaget’s theory is broken into four stages. Stage one is the sensorimotor stage, which occurs from birth to two years of age. Children use their five senses and movement to experience the world. Children are completely egocentric.Stage two, Preoperational Thought Stage, occurs from 2 years of age to seven years old. They must be able to organize their own thoughts and ideas. The third stage is Concrete operations stage, from seven years old to eleven ye ars old. This stage of thinking becomes organized on a mental plane. The fourth and final stage of Piaget’s theory is formal operations. This stage occurs from age eleven to adulthood. Thinking goes into the realm of purely abstract and hypothetical (Crain, 2011). Vygotsky was a psychologist; his interest was developmental psychology, child development and education.Vygotsky also studied children’s play. Vygotsky was a Marxist; a person that believes that we can understand humans only in the context of the social-historical environment (Crain, 2011, p. 224). Vygotsky presented the zone of proximal development (ZPD). The ZPD is the range in which a child can complete tasks on their own and tasks that they can complete with guidance from adults to assist. The ZPD captures a child’s cognitive level of maturation (Crain, 2011). This method is guidance assistance; the children gain new skills with minimal assistance.This method helps each child develop equally in the classroom. Biologicial Theory Biological Foundations of Human Development influence the course of development throughout an individual’s lifetime. Some developmental processes include growth during the prenatal period, the onset of puberty, and when a person gets their first grey hair. Most development through the lifespan is a result of successive interactions between biology and experience. (Craig & Dunn, 2010, p. 4)   There are factors of biological development that considers maturation, ethology, and attachment.Jean-Jacques Rousseau introduced several keys into developmental theory and proposed a biological timetable that included these components. Maturation, a theory created by Gesell, is the development of growth and aging over time and depends heavily on biological processes. The theory states that development has a preordained sequence, that the rates vary but the sequence does not, and depends heavily on the internal make up and the environment. The theory basica lly suggests that development begins in the womb. The theory continues on to measure the development of a child in the first few years of life.Maturation definitions include reciprocal intervening, functional asymmetry, self-regulation, individuality, proximodistal, ontogeny/phylogeny, patterning and others. Ethological theories have major influences on biological development. Ethology is the study of behavior within the evolutionary framework. It is the science of animal behavior and the study of human behavior and social organization from a biological standpoint. The theory states that how a person thinks is passed down genetically. Learning has a small role in this theory.Charles Darwin, who wrote the â€Å"Theory of Evolution†, is included in this theory. Though controversial, Darwin’s theory of survival of the fittest and natural selection shows that evolution is a major factor in a person’s development. Evolution is factual and gives people the genetics th at create skin color, height, etc. Konrad Lorenz wrote, â€Å"Modern Ethology† and discovered the idea of imprinting. He showed that this is a critical bonding period when animals are born. Animals bond with the first thing they see after they are born, be it their mother or any caregiver.Lorenz studied with Nikolaas Timbergen and they won a Nobel Prize for their work with animal patterns. Ethology includes naturalistic observation, instinctive behavior, and imprinting. Systems Theory Ludwig von Bertalanffy originally proposed general systems theory, in 1928. Bertalanffy was born and grew up in a little town near Vienna. He grew up in a wealthy family and had private tutors. After Bertalanffy’s parents divorced, he found a new example to follow, Paul Kemmerer, a famous biologist. Kemmerer was Bertalanffy’s neighbor. Kemmerer soon became an example for Bertalanffy.Bertalanffy attended the University of Vienna. At this time he had to choose between studying philos ophy and science. Bertalanffy chose to become a biologist. Bertalanffy was a professor at many universities. Many early theorists that studied about system’s theory aimed their work and research to find a general system’s theory that would explain all the systems in all of the fields of science. Bertalanffy developed the â€Å"Allgemeine Systemlehre†. The â€Å"Allgemeine Systemlehre† is a German term that means a system that can be applied in a number of fields. He did not like when it translated into â€Å"General Systems Theory†.His idea cut across what is known as the Weltanschauung, or worldview that entails Epistemological (study of nature), ontological (relating to existence), and ethical implications. Systems can be controlled or uncontrolled. Today researchers are still using the studies and findings from Bertalanffy. Other researchers of the system’s theory are Barker, â€Å"Behavior Settings† and Learner who did work on lif e expectancy and environment and wrote, â€Å"Developmental Systems Theory. † A most recent theory used in social development today is the use of the four stage model of development.It is a major model used in the measurement from birth to adulthood. The four stages are co-dependant (0-8 months), counter dependant (9-36 months), independent (3-6 years), and interdependent (6-29 years). The most current happenings in system’s research include how environmental factors and culture influence adolescent development. The five theory groups of human development have led to many breakthroughs  in psychology. There are many theorists that have contributed to the five theory groups. However, there are also theorists that are considered to be the founders of each group.All of the theories are relative and may help explain human development, including one’s personality or behavior. Works Cited Crain, W. (2011). Theories of development: Concepts and applications. (6th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc. Craig, G. J. , & Dunn, W. L. (2010). Understanding human development. (2nd ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc. Mike Wade (October 18, 2005) Theories used in Research General System Theories http://www. istheory. yorku. ca/generalsystemstheory. htm   Walonick, David S. (1993) General Systems Theory. http://www. statpac. org/walonick/systems-theory. htm

Portrait of an Artist as a Young Man

Every child becomes an adult—a boy to a man, a girl to a woman. In the novel, Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, published in 1916 by an Irish writer, James Joyce illustrates the protagonist, Stephen Dedalus, and his journey to seek for identity. While the title of the novel insinuates that the protagonist is going to become an artist, the novel also portrays Stephen’s sense of isolation that comes from the ambiguity and bewilderment that he experiences with his family, society, and country. As the novel begins, Stephan is still young and because of a lack of knowledge and experience, he fells small and weak.Stephen goes through a severe portrayal of the injustices and intricacy of childhood as a child trying to grasp a clear image of the world; Joyce depicts the impression of a child in a world regulated for adults. When â€Å"[Stephen] turned to the flyleaf of the geography and read†¦ Sallins/ Country Kildare/ Ireland/ Europe/ The World/ The Universe,† (Joyce, 13) thinking about the boundaries of the universe, Stephen attempts to identify himself by placing himself in the world by his geographic position.In addition, when he contemplates the overwhelming ideas of God and the limits of his political knowledge, which seems to be so significant to the adults. This shows the reader the isolation Stephen feels as a young child from the world. In short, this essay will analyze how Stephen alienation with his environment affects him to finds his own identity as an artist. During Stephen’s childhood, he feels isolated more in relation to his family and the society.When Stephen encounters into the duty of revealing the rector that Father Dolan has been inequitable with him at the Clongowes Wood College, he comes to a decision not take any actions at one point. â€Å"No, it was best to hide out of the way because when you were small and young you could often escape that way,† (48) Stephen thinks about his colleagues in the sc ene when he is questioned whether he will go to the rector or not. In this scene, Stephen understands the children’s world.He knows that â€Å"fellows [tells] him to go, but they would not go themselves† (48). However, after he tells the rector about Father Dolan, even though his fellows cheer for Stephen’s bravery and turnout to be here, he soon becomes alone. â€Å"He was happy and free: but he would not be anyway proud with Father Dolan. He would be very quiet and obedient: and he wished that he could do something kind for him to show him that he was not proud† (51) it states, emphasizing that Stephen knew that nothing would hange and the fact that he felt weak and small after all—a sense of isolation from his colleagues and adults. Soon after he experiences the sense of isolation from his colleagues, Stephen is introduced to the change in Dedalus’ financial situation. Moving into a â€Å"cheerless house† (57) in Dublin with his fa mily, Stephan recognizes that his father is the cause for he is a financial failure. This allows Stephen to become self conscious and acrimonious, humiliated by the â€Å"change of fortune† (58).Illustrating the Dedalus’ first night in their new house, where â€Å"the parlor fire would not draw [and the] half furnished uncarpeted room [was bathed in a] bare cheerless house† (57) makes Stephen’s â€Å"heart heavy† (57) with the â€Å"intuition and foreknowledge† (57) that it is his father who is responsible for the decline. Furthermore, Stephen starts to feel separated from his father. Despite the fact that Simon Dedalus is unsuccessful to manage the family’s financial needs, he his somwhat anxious of his children’s quality of education.Yet, Simon lets down Stephen by treating Stephen’s collision with Father Conmee—a triumphant moment in Stephen’s young life—with a â€Å"hearty laugh† (63) with his friends This event makes Stephen to feel degraded and patronized by his elders, thus starts to isolate himself from his father. Prior to analyzing the relationship between Stephen’s isolation to seek for his identity, it is important to note several backgrounds on Ireland.Around the time in which this novel was published, Ireland was colonized by England until April 24, 1916. (Parnell and Davitt) During the period of colonization by the Britain, along with the political tensions between the two nations, there was also a religious tension between the Catholics and the Protestants. Basically, the Catholics, including Joyce, were the Irish who supported Irish independence and contrary to this were the Protestants who wished to continue united with Britain. Fearghal McGarry) By the time Joyce was born, the Irish independence movement—the Fenian Movement—was wide-spreading by an Irish nationalist, Charles Stewart Parnell; however, his longstanding affair with a married woman caught, causing many followers to reject him as a leader and the Catholic church to condemn him. (Parnell and Davitt) This historical event can be seen within the surface of the novel and precisely in the Christmas dinner scene when Stephan’s relatives are discussing about politics. To sum up, such humiliating troubles within the country have perhaps caused Stephen to isolate himself from Ireland.In chapter 3, Joyce describes the isolation of the Catholic boy from his home country, Ireland. Stephen, who has been frequenting prostitutes, has lost faith. â€Å"[Stephen’s] soul was fattening an congealing into a gross grease, plunging ever deeper in its dull fear into a somber threatening dusk while the body that was his stood, listless and dishonoured, gazing out of darkened eyes, helpless, perturbed, and human for a bovine god to stare upon,† (98) it says, to show the awareness of Stephen’s sins and his â€Å"dishonoured† body causes t his moment of dull horror.Because Stephen feels sinful, it triggers him to dream of hell, â€Å"[a] field of stiff weeds and thistles and tufted nettle-bunches†¦[with] battered canisters and clots and coils of solid excrement. † (120) And the narrator continues, â€Å"An evil smell, faint and foul as the light, curled upwards sluggishly out of the canisters and from the stale crusted dung,† (120) giving the reader grotesque scenery with, â€Å"Goatish creatures with human faces, hornybrowed, lightly bearded and grey as indiarubber†¦[that moves in the field,] hither and thither† (120).The goats wandering in this scene are symbols of animalistic, primal, and bestial culture of Ireland that manipulates the youths with language. As well as the murmuring sounds and the â€Å"soft language† (120) of the goats, the usage of the repetition of â€Å"hither and thither† also represents the hollow voices that are spoken from the adults to Stephen to become an Irishmen.Joyce claims that this culture of Ireland, adults bringing up children with hollow voices, have been rooted long ago and will be everlasting, which can be seen as he describes the goats, â€Å"[moving] in slow circles, circling closer and closer to enclose, †¦their long swishing tail besmeared with stale shite, thrusting upwards their terrific face† (120). Recognizing Ireland as a dead country, Stephen begins to show clear detachment from his country. Stephen’s schoolmate, Mat Davin insists Stephen to become one of â€Å"us†, to declare his Irish nationality and to stop searching for potentials from England and France of artistic muse.In a revealing conversation, Davin asks Stephen if he is even Irish. Here, Davin comprehends an Irishmen as a nationalist who desires Ireland to become independent from England, the colonizer. In other words, Davin means being united with the people rather than standing back from them with a sneer. On the o ther hand, for Stephen, though, being Irish means being all that he is, containing all the contradictions of a colonized subject. â€Å"The soul is born, [Stephen] said vaguely, first in those moments I told you of. It has a slow and dark birth, more mysterious than the birth of the body.When the soul of a man is born in this country there are nets flung at it to hold it back from flight. You talk to me of nationality, language, religion. I shall try to fly by those nets,† (179) Stephen says, explaining the chances taken he is aware of as an heir in Ireland to his nationalist colleague, Davin. Rather than viewing the Fenian Movement as a potential for artistic inspiration, Stephen inspects the situation of Irish life as a downside. Stephen gradually becomes emotional through this conversation and initiate to treat it quite roughly, as he questions Davin, â€Å" ‘Do you know what Ireland is? asked Stephen with cold violence. Ireland is the old sow that eats her farrow,à ¢â‚¬  (179). Here, Stephan metaphorically stresses that Ireland destroys its won children: a fate he wishes to avoid. Therefore, Ireland’s thwarted sense of nationhood devours Irishmen. To sum up, for Stephen, Ireland is a trap, restricting his independence and identity. In the last sections of the novel, Stephens seems to have settled his mind and ascetics about the world, and ready to isolate himself from his past—family, friends, , Ireland—to gain freedom.When Stephen has a conversion with Cranly, Stephen’s best friend at the university, Stephen says, â€Å"Look here, Cranly, [†¦] you have asked me what I would do and what I would not do. I will tell you wat I will do and what I will not do. I will not serve that in which I no longer believe, whether it call itself my home, my fatherland, or my church: and I will try to express myself in some mode of life or art as freely as I can and as wholly as I can, using for my defense the only arms I allo w myself to use – silence, exile, and cunning. (218) Here, finally, Stephen demonstrates a clear and precise understanding of who he is. He is defined by his artistic goals and by his idealistic ambition to be true to his beliefs. While Joyce ends the novel at the point where Stephen departs from Ireland, this may be an interesting question for the reader to consider of: after leaving his country, how will Stephen see his home country when time passes? Work Cited Books †¢ Joyce, James, John Paul.Riquelme, Hans Walter Gabler, and Walter Hettche. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man: Authoritative Text, Backgrounds and Contexts, Criticism. New York: W. W. Norton, 2007. Print. Internet †¢ McGarry, Fearghal. â€Å"The Irish War of Independence aâ‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" A Religious War? Part I. † The Irish War of Independence aâ‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" A Religious War? Part I. WPSHOWER & MOODYGUY, 2010. Web. 19 Mar. 2012. . †¢ â€Å"Parnell and Davitt. † Irish Identity. Web. 20 Mar. 2012. .

Regional Disparities in Canada essays

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Philosophies of the Draft Dodgers Countercultures, or groups that that break off from a dominant or larger society because they disagree with the societys values or beliefs, can have lasting effects on government policies or global affairs (Thomas 39). One such counterculture is the group of American draft dodgers. These individuals evaded conscription, or mandatory military service, in American since the American Civil War (The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica). They rejected the American values of patriotism and national security during key wars such as World War I, World War II, and the Vietnam War. Also, they broke American laws, a part of the national culture, by burning their draft cards in protest and escaping to Canada to avoid their required service specifically during the Vietnam War (Kennedy and Cohen 891). These actions employed by draft dodgers display their own ideas and voices their rejection of the larger societys views, categorizing them as a counterculture in American history. Although draft dodgers can and have appeared in other countries around the world with mandatory military service, the American draft dodgers are specifically notable for their involvement in a number of American wars and polices. Draft evasion has roots in several areas from pacifism to personal unwillingness. Some countries exempted conscientious objectors to war and the draft (people who opposed bearing arms or violence for reasons related to their philosophy or religion) or provided them with specific jobs that did not require fighting, though others throughout history did not excuse these objectors from service (The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica). The United States addressed conscientious objectors during the Civil War by allowing them to serve in positions that did not require the use of weaponry (The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica). However, the 1940 conscript laws clarified objectors as people who were part of a known pacifist group, not individuals that claimed perso nal objections (The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica). The United States started experiencing draft dodgers during the American Civil War when conscription was first implemented in 1861 (Michael Ray). The affluent society in the North avoided military service by utilizing a bounty system, where the drafted individuals paid substitutes, especially African Americans, to enter the military for them (The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica). These citizens had an advantage over the poor and the military soon consisted of lower classes, inciting hostility towards both the wealthy and African Americans. 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After the Military Selective Service Act of 1967, burning draft cards, or the registration certificates for the draft, exploded as one of the most popular form of protest even though it broke government laws (Michael Ray). Protesters argued that the First Amendment protected their right to freely express opposition to the draft with this method (Michael Ray). David OBrien was one of the draft dodgers who burned their draft cards and ended up facing legal co nsequences (Michael Ray). His case eventually appeared before the Supreme Court in The United States v. OBrien, and the final ruling stated that burning draft cards hindered government actions and was not considered protected free speech (Michael Ray). Draft dodgers held great historical significance in American policy. In the Civil War, the draft dodgers influenced the composition of the military with the use of a bounty system to buy their way out of service (The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica). Their actions in the Civil War influenced American policy during World War I by prompting the government to abolish the bounty system in the 1917 Selective Service Act (Michael Ray). However, the most active and monumental role the draft dodgers played was during the Vietnam War (Kindig). They helped fuel opposition to the war with new drastic measures of burning draft cards and fleeing the country (Kennedy and Cohen 891). Their vocal actions had an unprecedented impact on the end of American involvement in the Vietnam War and the continuing attitudes later on. Currently, the U.S. draft sits dormant since there is no direct need for it, so draft dodgers appear less frequently in society as active protesters. However, in 1980 the gover nment required draft registration for men in case the draft ever resurfaced, and this policy still affects todays population (The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica). A sociological perspective and a sociological imagination can help people understand how draft dodgers actions affected the world. With a sociological perspective, people view others actions using scientific reasoning instead of everyday explanations (Thomas 4). It contends that everyone is a social being with hidden meanings behind his or her actions (Thomas 5). Clearly, draft dodgers did not protest the draft purely because of a disapproval of the implementation and process of the draft, although that did play a purpose in their actions. Using the sociological perspective, the actions of draft dodgers often target a larger intent to protest conscription in general and warfare as a method to solve conflict. A significant number of conscientious objectors objected to violence and bearing arms for religious or philosophical reasons, and since some governments did not excuse these objectors from service, they were forced to become draft dodgers in order to uphold their beliefs (The Edi tors of Encyclopedia Britannica). The American draft dodgers actions during the Vietnam War also had these sentiments, after media coverage of the war displayed unpleasant scenes that conflicted with their morals (Kennedy and Cohen 891). Draft dodgers conveyed the arguments for pacifism and nonviolence in their actions, two themes that apply to any country in the world. A sociological imagination, created by C. Wright Mills, allows people to connect their personal actions and experiences with the larger world in order to recognize the effects (Thomas 5). This viewpoint displays the great effects of draft dodger actions on larger bodies such as the United States of American and even the world. They significantly affected United States domestic and foreign policy. The Draft Riot of 1863 over the unfair bounty system influenced later domestic policy in the Selective Service Act of 1917, in which the process was prohibited (Michael Ray). They also influenced interpretation of the First Amendment when the Supreme Court case The United States v. OBrien arose from the protest method of burning draft cards that became popular during the Vietnam War (Michael Ray). The limitations of free speech were clarified for the American public, influencing later forms of protest. On the global perspective, foreign policy during the Vietnam War also received the impact of draft resistance since the protests amplified an opposition to American participation in the war. Their actions influenced the removal of American troops from Vietnam. Ethnocentrism is conviction that one group of people reigns supreme over other inferior groups (Thomas 35). Draft dodgers had an element of ethnocentrism in their actions, contributing to their classification as a counterculture, specifically during times of war. The draft dodgers who were conscientious objectors for religious or philosophical reasons believed that their values of pacifism or their faith were superior to the American sentiments of patriotism, leading them to resist the draft and conscription. Other draft dodgers felt that the value of life, including their own lives, was superior to patriotism, national security, or U.S. global power. They expressed their superior views by attempting to fulfill the requirements for exemption from service (deferment from Selective Service boards for academic or family reasons), burning their draft cards, or fleeing the country in order to not risk their own lives and protest the danger imposed on others lives (Michael Ray). Their ethn ocentrism encouraged draft dodgers to protest and fight for their beliefs rather than just duly accepting their fate as American citizens, resulting in their counterculture status. Cultural relativism practices that the standards of cultures different from one another, so a culture could only receive judgement based on their own point of view (Thomas 36). Using cultural relativism, draft dodgers avoid conscription because of their connection to the American culture from which they split. The American culture emphasized freedom to express and act according to an individuals beliefs (within obvious limitations). These draft dodgers, surrounded by the ideas that sharing opinions is acceptable and appreciated, naturally protested their opposition to drafts and conscription based on their own values and interests. In fact, one could argue that they protested the draft to save their own lives and the lives of their families, a priority for a number of people. A pacifist who is not a part of a formal organization would not receive exemption from conscription but would still have difficulty if drafted because the violence would conflict with his personal values, and ma y even die before fighting and breaking his values; therefore, draft avoidance could save his life (The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica). The draft sent men off to war whether they wanted to go or not, and unfortunately not all soldiers return home to their families. The families of the men who never return to war are left with a hole in their family structure, especially if the man was unwilling to fight. In this case, protesting and dodging the draft could protect a mans family, a formidable incentive to avoid conscription. Cultural relativism allows other individuals to understand the importance of draft evasion for men and their loved ones. Despite the incentives to evade conscription, I personally do not agree with all of the philosophies of the draft dodgers. The draft dodgers rightfully protested the unfair draft systems such as the bounty system during the Civil War or the subjective deferments of the Selective Service Board and I agree with the ideas of pacifism and resolving conflicts without violence that spurred draft dodgers to reject conscription. However, the draft should remain a possible tool today with modifications that require women to register as well as men to guarantee a suitable fighting force for national security. I cannot see the value in protesting a draft if the whole country faces peril and destruction as a result of a lack of volunteers to a war effort (with hope that such a situation never arises in the future). Also, there is no harm in registering when the government may never activate draft again in ones lifespan, and if the draft is reenacted, then there must be a dire need for soldiers w ith the already impressive advancements in military power through technology and volunteers. Although I cannot agree with their ideas, the fact remains that draft dodgers impacted American policies, values, and history significantly as longstanding counterculture. References   Kennedy, David M. and Lizabeth Cohen. The American Pageant: A History of the American People. Boston: Cengage Learning, 2016. Textbook. Kindig, Jesse. Vietnam War: Draft Resistance. 2008. Website. 3 March 2017. Michael Ray. Selective Service Acts. 10 September 2015. Website. 3 March 2017. The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica. Conscientious Objector. 30 June 2010. Website. 3 March 2017. -. Conscription. 16 6 2011. Website. 3 March 2017. -. Draft Riot of 1863. 16 June 2011. Website. 3 March 2017. Thomas, W. LaVerne. Sociology: The Study of Human Relationships. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 2003. Textbook.